Objective: You will be able to draw the early stages of development. Do Now: Read “Fertilization” on p. 1016 Define fertilization Define Zygote

Fertilization Meiosis creates sex cells with a monoploid number of chromosomes When a sperm and an egg unite it restores the diploid number of chromosomes The new cell that is formed is called a zygote

Egg Cell Sperm Cell n n Fertilization 2n Zygote

Cleavage The first few divisions after fertilization are called cleavage Is the cell division done by mitosis or meiosis? Cleavage ends up creating a hollow ball of cells called the blastula

Figure 47.6x Sea urchin development, from single cell to larva

Figure 47.0 Human embryo

Figure 46.18 Human fetal development

Activity We will be viewing the stages of cleavage in an animal under the microscope. Begin viewing the slide under the microscope You will need to find the following stages: -Zygote -Two cell -Four cell -morula -blastula -gastrula For each stage draw what you see in your notebook

Objective: You will be able to identify and give the function of the parts of an egg.

Fertilization External fertilization is when the egg and sperm unite outside the female Ex. Fish and frogs Internal fertilization is when the egg and sperm unite inside the female Ex. Reptiles, birds and mammals

Development All animals need to grow in water otherwise they will dry out External fertilization happens in the water Mammals have water environment inside the female Reptiles and birds have internal fertilization but lay eggs The egg contains the watery environemnt

What came first the chicken or the egg?

Egg parts Amnion- Fluid filled and surrounds the embryo Allantois- Stores the waste produced by the embryo Yolk Sac- Stores nutrient-rich food Chorion- Regulates O2 going to embryo and CO2 leaving embryo

Figure 39–12 The Male Reproductive System Section 39-3

Figure 46.8 Reproductive anatomy of the human male (continued)

Figure 39–14 The Female Reproductive System Section 39-3

Figure 46.9 Reproductive anatomy of the human female (continued)

Figure 46.16 Formation of the zygote and early postfertilization events

Menstrual Cycle Occurs in women at the onset of puberty Refers to the cycle in which an egg is released and the uterus is prepared for pregnancy

Figure 46.13b Oogenesis

Concepts Involves three glands: Involves many hormones including: Hypothalamus Pituitary Ovaries Involves many hormones including: Releasing hormone FSH and LH Estrogen

The phases Follicular phase- Involves the thickening of the uterus by estrogen Makes egg grow in follicle Ovulation- Is the release of the egg from the ovary Caused by LH Luteal phase- Is the creation of the corpus luteum which will maintain the pregnancy Menstruation- Shedding of the uterus if pregnancy does not occur

Sex Hormones Testosterone Estrogen Cause the male secondary sex characteristics Estrogen Cause the female secondary sex characteristics

Figure 38.2 Review of an idealized flower Pistil

Objective: You will be able to identify and give the function of the parts of a flower. Do Now: Read pages 612 and 613 For each part of the flower, write its function This will take you a few minutes

Male parts Male part is called the stamen The stamen consist of the anther and filament Anther Carries out meiosis to make pollen Sperm cells are inside the pollen Filament Holds the anther into the air

Female parts Female part is called the pistil The pistil is made of the stigma, style and ovary Stigma is sticky to capture the pollen Style is a passageway to the ovary Ovary Carries out meiosis to make eggs The eggs are found within ovules

Objective: You will be able to describe the events of pollination and fertilization. Do Now: Read page 616 What two things form from fertilization?

Figure 38.5 Pollen grains have tough, ornate, and distinctive walls

Pollination Pollination is the transfer of the pollen from the anther to the stigma If the pollen lands on a flower on the SAME plant it is called self-pollination If it lands on a different individual then it is called cross-pollination Pollinators are used to move the pollen

Figure 38.3d1 Pollination modes

Figure 38.1 Simplified overview of angiosperm life cycle

Fertilization Fertilization occurs within the ovule There are actually two sperm cells The first will fertilize the egg and form a zygote This zygote will undergo cleavage to from an embryo

Fertilization The second sperm will fertilize a 2n cell and form a 3n cell called the endosperm The endosperm is the food source for the embryo This concept of two fertilizations is called double fertilization It is unique to flowering plants.

After Fertilization The ovule itself will harden and become a seed The ovary itself will change and become a fruit The fruit is used for seed dispersal

Figure 38.12 Development of a pea fruit (pod)

Objective: You will be able to identify and describe the parts of a seed. Do Now: Read page 618 Give examples of fruits that everyone thinks are vegetables.

Figure 38.11 Seed structure

Seed Structure The embryo consists of the hypocotyl and the epicotyl Hypocotyl becomes the root Epicotyl becomes the leaves and upper part of stem Cotyledon is used as a food source The seed coat protects the seed

Seed germination Once proper conditions are met, the seed will start to germinate. Seed germination depends on water, oxygen and temperature Why not light?