1.1 Introduction to cells & 1.5 The origin of cells T OPIC 1: C ELL B IOLOGY

1 – C ELL T HEORY Read & Consider: 1.1.1, What do you know? What questions do you have?

T HE C ELL T HEORY 1.All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2.The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. 3.All cells come from pre-existing cells. History

Q UESTIONING THE CELL THEORY USING ATYPICAL EXAMPLES : Looking for trends and discrepancies – although most organisms conform to cell theory, there are exceptions.  Striated Muscle  Giant Algae  Fungal Hyphae

E VIDENCE : All cells come from pre-existing cells. Louis Pasteur’s experiment provides evidence against spontaneous generation. spontaneous generation

2 - L IFE Read & Consider 1.1.2, 1.1.4, & What do you know? What questions do you have? Define “Life” Watch – The Hierarchy of LifeThe Hierarchy of Life

Life Defined  Consider each component of life – What is it? What is its purpose?

O RIGIN Nonliving  Living? 1.Organic molecules must have assembled. 2.Organic molecules must have assembled to make more complex molecules. 3.Molecules must have formed that could replicate themselves. 4.All of this must have been contained in a membrane bound vesicle.

E NDOSYMBIOTIC T HEORY

One Cell or Many - All properties of life are carried out in a living organism. In multicellular organisms, Emergent properties must arise from interactions of component parts: The whole is greater than the sum of parts.

I NVESTIGATION OF FUNCTIONS OF LIFE IN P ARAMECIUM AND C HLORELLA  Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs. (Practical 1)

M AGNIFICATION Magnification: The number of times larger an image is than the specimen. Given Magnification: specimen size = size of image magnification Given a Scale Bar: scale = specimen size scale size size of image *Be sure to use consistent units* Gryphondigital.com

3 – S URFACE A REA : V OLUME Read & Consider What do you know? Why does this ratio matter?

In your notes list the items from largest to smallest and if possible, include approximate size for each. Molecule, Atom, Virus, Membrane Thickness, Prokaryotic Cell (bacteria), Eukaryotic Cell (human cell), Cell Organelles E XPLORE :

SA:V

 Elephant: Weight: 5000 kg = 11,023 lbs Food: lbs per day Heart Rate: 28 bpm  Mouse: Weight: 35 g = 0.08lbs Food:.012 lbs per day Heart Rate: 500 bpm catholicvoteaction.commadasafish.com What is the importance?

 As a cell grows the cytoplasm has less access to the surface for gas exchange, supply of nutrients, and loss of waste.

C ALCULATE  Surface area:  Cube: SA = 6a 2  Rectangular Prism: SA = 2ab + 2bc + 2ac  Sphere: SA = 4  r 2  Volume:  Cube: V = a 3  Rectangular Prism: V = abc  Sphere: V = (4/3)  r 3 a b c

P RACTICE  Calculate the SA:V for cubic cells with sides of 1, 4 and 6 mm.  1mm:  4mm:  6mm: State the effect on SA:V as size increases.

SA:V  Which of the cells in the example will have the most efficient exchange with the environment?  State the effect on SA:V as size increases.  What could a cell do to increase its surface area to volume ratio?

4 - D IFFERENTIATION Read & Consider What do you know? What questions do you have? What is one use of stem cells that you are familiar with?

 Unicellular organisms perform all the functions of life in a single cell.  Multicellular Organisms are made of highly specialized cells that perform a specific function. Differentiate: the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. Rapid Differentiation

 Every nucleus contains a complete set of DNA for that organism. Differentiated cells  different physical characteristics, same genome.

S TRUCTURE S UGGESTS F UNCTION

1.1.7 The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses.

 Stem cells: cells found in all multicellular organisms, that can divide through mitosis and differentiate into diverse specialized cell type.  Embryonic stem cells  Adult stem cells Thinkprogress.org

Multicellular organisms increase efficiency through specialization, however specialized cells are now totally dependent on the functions of other cells. Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent

Therapeutic UsesTherapeutic Uses:  Stargardt’s Disease  Omenn Syndrome

Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a newborn baby and from an adult’s own tissue. Ethical implications of research – research, involving stem cells growing in importance and raises ethical issues.  Read:  National Geographic “The Power to Divide” - excerpt by Rick Weiss  Assignment:  Complete the LAPS form for “The Power to Divide.  Write a group accordion essay addressing: International Issues, Utilization, and Aim 8 concerns.

 Burrell, John. "1.1.1 Cell Theory." Pantana. Click4Biology, n.d. Web. 23 Jan  "Cell Differentiation." Cell Differentiation. Public Broadcasting Station, n.d. Web. 29 Jan  "Cell Size and Scale." Cell Size and Scale. University of Utah Health Sciences, n.d. Web. 23 Jan  "Cell Therapy UK: The Visionaries: Sight for Sore Eyes." Cell Therapy UK: The Visionaries: Sight for Sore Eyes. Cell Therapy UK, n.d. Web. 29 Jan  Cell of Micrasterias Rotata. N.d. Introduction to Desmids. By Jan Van Arkel. Web. 7 July  Cook, John D. "Metabolism and Power Laws." The Endeavour. N.p., 16 Apr Web. 24 Jan  "Emergent Properties in Biological Systems." ISCID - International Society for Complexity Information and Design. ISCID, n.d. Web. 24 Jan  Greggory, Michael J. "The Biology Web." The Biology Web. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan  Huang, Cary. "Scale of the Universe." Scale of Universe. Htwins, n.d. Web. 30 Apr  Kennedy, M. "Human Stem Cell Research: Problems and Promise." Human Stem Cell Research: Problems and Promise. Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Q Dec Web. 29 Jan W ORKS C ITED

 Life as We Grow It Discover Magazine. Web. 10 July  McMahon, Mary, and Shereen Skola. "What Is Stem Cell Differentiation?" WiseGeek. Conjecture, 03 June Web. 10 July  "Natural Resources Conservation Service." USDA NRCS -. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan  "ODD STUFF MAGAZINE." TOP 10 Countries Humans Live Long Life – Strange Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan  "Omenn Syndrome." Omenn Syndrome Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR-NCATS). National Institue of Health, n.d. Web. 24 Jan  "Paramecium Caudatum." Protist Information Server. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan  Scientists Offer New Way To Look At The Origins Of Life Origins Of Life Seen In A New Way. By Photos.com. Web. 10 July  "Skeletal Muscle." - The School of Biomedical Sciences Wiki. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan  "Stargardt Disease REsearch Advances." Fight Bindness. Foundation Fighting Blindness, Winter Web. 24 Jan  "SurfaceArea:Volume." SurfaceArea:Volume. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 July W ORKS C ITED

 Weiss, Rick. "The Power to Divide." National Geographic July 2005: n. pag. Print.  "What Is Stargardt Disease?" Foundation Fighting Blindness -. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Jan W ORKS C ITED