DO NOT WRITE WHAT”S IN RED THE WATER CYCLE

 The WATER CYCLE: Model of the circulation of water between the oceans, atmosphere and land

 Evaporation: Change in phase from a liquid to a gas (vapor); aka vaporization  Precipitation: Water, in the form of rain, snow or sleet, falling from the sky

A. Water retention: storing of precipitation on the land surface as ice or snow. Water can also be retained on the leaves of plants B. Infiltrate: precip can sink into the upper parts of Earth’s lithosphere under the influence of gravity

C. Runoff: when precipitation flows over Earth’s surface D. Evaporation/Transpiration: About 2/3 of the precip that falls on land is sent back into the atmosphere

 Flooding occurs when a stream overflows its normal channel or when the precipitation exceeds the ability of the ground to infiltrate the water.  Safety when dealing with a flood: don’t drown turn around and move to higher ground (a good use for topographic maps!)

 Transpiration: Process by which living plants release water vapor to the atmosphere  Groundwater: Water that filters in and through the ground  Condensation: water vapor changes to liquid water, occurring when moist air cools

 Water is constantly being recycled by evaporation and condensation.  When water evaporates, impurities are left behind

 Solar energy is the driving force of the water cycle; it evaporates water from the surface of oceans, lakes and seas.

 Happy/Sad Water Cycle Happy/Sad Water Cycle  Water Vapor Song (don't hate- participate) Water Vapor Song (don't hate- participate)  Another Water Cycle Song... love it or leave it Another Water Cycle Song... love it or leave it

 Surface and Groundwater: 1%  Glaciers: 2%  Ocean: 97%

 Zone of Saturation: Soil below the water table in which the pores are filled with groundwater  Zone of aeration: Soil above the water table in which most of the interconnected pores are filled with air  Water Table: Boundary at the top of the saturated zone within the soil

 Pore- A small open space in a rock or in soil  Porosity: Portion or percent of empty space within a soil; the number of pores in a material compared with its volume

 Porosity depends on: shape, packing and mixture of sizes of the soil particles  The most porous material would be round, well-sorted (about the same size), and not closely packed  Example of a low porosity material: Clay (flat, angular soil grains)

 Permeability: ability of a soil to transmit/move water  Connected pores give a rock good permeability

 Permeability is determined by the size of the pores and how the pores are connected  Sand is highly permeable (large pores that are well- connected)

 Clay is highly impermeable (small pores, not well connected)  Soil can have low porosity and high permeability and vice-versa: hold very little water (nonporous), but water may pass quickly through the cracks (permeable)

 Soils composed of very small particles show the most capillarity  Water moves upward against the force of gravity because of the attraction between the water molecules and the surfaces of the soil particles  Think of a paper towel

 Runoff: Precipitation that is unable to infiltrate/go into the soil, so it moves over land and into streams

 rainfall is more than the permeability rate of the soil  the slope of a soil’s surface is too steep; water runs off before it can soak in

 The ground is below freezing; water within a soil will freeze, preventing further infiltration  the pore space of loose material is saturated with water

1. During and after precipitation, streams get water from overland flow 2. In dry periods, streams can continue to flow, typically from streams from within the ground 4. In moist climates: groundwater replenishes the stream

5. In arid/dry climates: streams replenish the groundwater 6.There is a time lag/delay between when precip falls and when streams and rivers respond 7. Factors that affect stream flow: a.Gradient b.Vegetation c.amount of pavement d.type of precipitation e.duration of precip f.intensity of precip