Chapter 10: Population Dynamics 13 AB C D Age Structure Metapopulation Dispersal Survivorship

N t = N o e rt E) Population Growth Exponential GrowthLogistic Growth

1 2 Extreme Population Growth I

3 ZEBRA MUSSEL Native to the Streams of Southern Russia

4 Zebra Mussel Distribution First Detected in US 1988

Reasons? Consequences?

Extreme Population Growth II

1 Sea Lamprey Invasion

(First Noted in Great Lakes in 1830s) Erie Canal Weiland Canal

Lamprey and Lake Trout Populations Lampricides

Other Invasive Species in North America “Rock Snot” Diatom Didymospehnia geminata Eurasian Collared Dove

Other Invasive Species in North America Africanized Honeybee Salt Cedar (Tamarix sp.)

5 Chinch Bug (Blissus leucopterus) Extreme Population Growth III (Native Species)

6

Fig in Ricklefs 2000

Populations are Dynamic!! 7 What factors contribute to changing population size?

N t+1 = N t + B + I - D - E Factors that Influence Population Size

Rates of Population Change

Estimating Rates of Population Change: N t N t

= dN f (b, d, i, e) dt Quantifying Rates of Population Change (dN / dt)

8 9 b d

10 Quantifying Rates of Population Change (dN / dt) i e

Fig in Molles 2008 “The Wild, Wacky World of Dispersal”

Dispersal: Animal Vectors 4 5 5

Dispersal: Explosive 7 Zygomycete Fungus: Pilobolus 8

Measuring Dispersal Rates

Measuring Dispersal Rates

Measuring Dispersal Rates

11 12 Dispersal: Natal

Fig in Molles 2006 Dispersal: Natal Eurasian Collared Dove: Spread into Europe from Turkey after 1900

Dispersal: Natal

Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) 13 Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) 14 Dispersal in Response to Climate Change North America (~ 20,000 Years Ago)

Fig in Molles 2008 Dispersal in Response to Climate Change

Voles (Microtis sp.) European Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) DISPERSAL: Response to Short-Term Changes in Food Abundance

Fig in Molles 2006 NUMERICAL RESPONSE Change in Predator Population Density In Response to Prey Population Density

Dispersal: Drift Fremont Cottonwood

Fig in Molles 2008 Nerita latissima Pacific Ocean Dispersal: Drift Why aren’t Populations Depleted?

Fig in Molles 2008 Rio Claro River (Costa Rica) Pacific Ocean Upstream Movement: Migrating and Stationary Populations

Fig in Molles 2008 Rio Claro River (Costa Rica) Pacific Ocean Nerita latissima Colonization Cycle

Expanding Populations (Anthropogenic Factors) 12 European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

European Honeybee African Honeybee Queen Hybrid: Africanized Honey Bee Expanding Populations (Anthrogenic Factors) Apis melifera

Fig in Molles 2008 Expanding Populations (Anthrogenic Factors) Africanized Honey Bee

Green Alga Pest: Caulerpa Expanding Populations (Anthrogenic Factors)

Jacques Cousteau Institute (Monaco) Expanding Populations (Anthrogenic Factors)

Expanding Populations: Anthropogenic Factors 2 Eurasian Collared Dove: Introduction into Bahamas: mid-1970s

Fig in Molles 2006 Rates of Expansion

Voles (Microtis sp.) European Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) DISPERSAL: Response to Short-Term Changes in Food Abundance

Fig in Molles 2006 NUMERICAL RESPONSE Change in Predator Population Density In Response to Prey Population Density Voles (Microtis sp.) European Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus)

15 16 Increased ReproductionIncreased Dispersal NUMERICAL RESPONSE MECHANISM: OR

18 Metapopulation 19 (Subpopulations living on Habitat Patches connected by Exchange of Individuals among Patches) Rocky Mountain Parnassian Butterfly (Parnassius smintheus)

20 18 Alpine Meadow Habitat

Patch Size and Population Density 22 Fig in Molles 2008 (Butteflies More Likely to Disperse from Large than Small Patches) (Patch Size has Decreased by 77% since 1952)

Metapopulations and Conservation Management

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