Cognitive Processes That Help Get Information Into Long-Term Memory Storage Selection Internal Organization Rehearsal Meaningful Learning Elaboration Visual Imagery

Selection Learners must choose carefully when selecting What is Important ? What Is Not ? Learners must choose carefully when selecting New knowledge from the environment.

How Can Teachers Help Learners Select Important Information? Assess prior knowledge Focus students attention Pre-Organize information Engage students meaningfully Self-generate knowledge Monitor understanding Practice, practice Provide timely feedback Interact socially Equate learning/Performance contexts

Rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal of new knowledge will lead to storage in the Long-Term Memory if the learner connects it with existing knowledge.

How Can the Learner use rehearsal to move new information into Long-Term Memory? Work with small bites of information Keep attention focused on new information Rehearse new information by rephrasing key points Encoding occurs when the learner actively uses the new information in ways that relate to the existing knowledge already in Long-Term Memory.

Elaboration Learning more than the actual material presented; involves adding detail which could be fictional, to the information to be remembered. Provides and additional means for retrieval of information if the more direct retrieval route fails. Using new information and existing knowledge to construct a sensible explanation of and event.

Types of Elaboration Imaging- create a mental picture Method of Loci (locations)—connect ideas or things to objects located in familiar places. Peg-word- method (number, rhyming schemes)— Connect things to be remembered to specific words (one-bun, two-shoe etc) Rhyming-(songs, phrases)—use rhymes to remember. (thirty days hath Sept, April, June and Nov. etc.) Initial Letter- the first letter of each word in a list is used to make a sentence (the sillier, the better).

Mnemonic Strategies Memory techniques that can be used to memorize important information for long term memory retention and retrieval of information.

Meaningful Learning New information Existing knowledge Understanding Relating new information to existing knowledge gives meaning to new information (understanding). Meaningful learning takes place when new information is stored with other pieces of similar or related information. Meaningful learning facilitates both storage and retrieval.

Internal Organization Organizing new information provides effective storage, when the pieces are interconnected.

Visual Imagery Forming mental images of information to explain what was seen or heard to help the learner understand and remember. Stored quickly and retained for extended periods. Not always an accurate representation of information, images tend to be less clear than the original.