Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering

(Ch. 13) Selective breeding allowing animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation Pass on the desired trait Horses, cats, farm animals Crops (disease-resistant potato from Luther Burbank)

Hybridization crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms Hybrids are hardier than parents In the potato-disease resistance x food production (Burbank potato)

Inbreeding The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics Keep desired characteristics of a line of organisms The cross can bring together 2 recessive alleles for a genetic defect-BAD!

Inducing Mutations Increases the genetic variation in a population Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variability Occur spontaneously Use of radiation, chemicals Hard to get desired mutants

New Bacteria Hundreds of useful bacterial strains have been produced Bacteria can even digest oil

New Kinds of Plants polyploid – chromosomes do not separate during meiosis Use drugs that prevent chromosome separation Plants are stronger, bigger than diploid Polyploidy fatal in animals

Manipulating DNA DNA is removed from the cell Restriction enzymes cut the DNA Gel electrophoresis separates the DNA Used to compare genes or locate a gene out of thousands in the genome

Recombinant DNA DNA molecules made by combining DNA from different sources

Transgenic Organisms Contain genes from other species Microorganisms – insulin, growth hormone, clotting factor In the future – may help fight cancer

Transgenic Animals/Plants Used to study genes and improve food supply Study immune system and effects of disease Extra copies of growth hormone- grow faster and produce leaner meat Working on chickens

GM foods – produce natural insecticide Resistant to weed-killing chemicals May be able to produce human antibodies to fight disease Rice plant contains vitamin A

Cloning Cloned bacteria Dolly Ethical and moral issues