What makes us smart? Or not so smart? Intelligence What makes us smart? Or not so smart?

How do we Assess Intelligence? use program 16 Alfred Binet set out to figure out a concept called a mental age (what a person of a particular age should know). He discovered that by discovering someone’s mental age they can predict future performance (motivation?). Hoped they could use test to the French educational system.

Lewis Terman Adapted Binet’s tests for use in the United States The test reported intelligence as a calculated IQ score Called the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test

Terman and his IQ Test Used Binet’s research to construct the modern day IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test. IQ=Mental age/Chronological age X 100. A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her IQ? A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is his IQ? A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200, how old is he?

Theories of Intelligence No one real definition Fluid versus Crystallized Intelligence 4 main theoretical concepts of intelligence….

Psychometric Theories of Intelligence Crystallized intelligence – The knowledge a person has acquired, plus the ability to access that knowledge Fluid intelligence – The ability to see complex relationships and solve problems Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Charles Spearman and his G factor http://education-portal Used factor analysis and discovered that what we see as many different skills is actually one General Intelligence. If you are good at one subject you are usually good at many others. Jack Bauer is good at torturing, bomb defusing, shooting, figuring out evil plots and saving the country (and he is good looking). Is there anything he cannot do?

Multiple Intelligences Gardner. Multiple Intelligence Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearman’s g and instead came up with the concept of multiple intelligences. He came up with the idea by studying savants (a condition where a person has limited mental ability but is exceptional in one area).http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkD MaJ-wZmQ

Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences Battle of the Brains-50 min Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences Battle of the Brains-50 min.questions in APSI folder Gardner believed that there exists at least 7 different types of intelligences. Linguistic Logical-mathematical Spatial Musical Body-kinesthetic Intrapersonal Interpersonal Naturalist

Robert Sternberg and his Triarchic Theory Most commonly accepted theory today. Three types of intelligence Creative Analytical Practical

Goleman and delayed gratification Emotional Intelligence Interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences. Maybe EQ is a better predictor for future success than IQ.http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/joachim_de_posada_says_don_t_eat_the_marshmallow_yet.html American example

Normal Curve

Normal Curve

Normal Curve

Normal Curve

Normal Curve

Normal Curve

Normal Distribution go back

How do we construct an Intelligence Test? reliability and validity Standardized: the questions have been piloted on similar populations and the scores fall on a normal distribution. Reliable: Test-Retest, Split-halves Methods. Validity: Content, Predictive or Construct.

Types of Tests Aptitude Achievement Measure ability or potential. Tests that measure what you have learned.

Does Intelligence Change Over Time? By age 3, a child’s IQ can predict adolescent IQ scores. Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized or fluid.

Wechsler Tests Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) consists of 11 subtests and cues us in to strengths by using….. Factor Analysis WISC(Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)

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Intelligence Extremes LOW HIGH Mental Retardation (IQ below 70) Only about 1% of humans More males than females Studies have shown that they are well-adjusted Some are more isolated, introverted, etc.

Creativity and Intelligence http://education-portal

Brain Size and Intelligence Is there a link? Small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size). Using an MRI we found +.44 correlation with brain size and IQ score.

Brain Function and Intelligence Higher performing brains are less active than lower performing brains (use less glucose). Neurological speed is also a bit quicker.

Heritability Khan Academy

Heritability

Heritability

Heritability

Heritability

Heritability Conclusion? Nature vs. Nurture Identical Twins reared apart have more similar IQ than Fraternal Twins reared together Fraternal Twins reared together have more similar IQ than other types of siblings reared together. Siblings reared together have more similar IQ than unrelated individuals reared together Correlation between parent/child diminished amongst non-biological parent/child with age. Conclusion? Genetics and Environment play a factor The extent to which each affects intelligence varies with individual situations

The Flynn Effect