Three unrooted trees showing the relationships among the Gnetales (blue), Conifers (Green), Ginkgo&Cycads(Coral) and Angiosperms (fuschia). Bowe et al Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers PNAS 97:

Tree based on Phytochrome A and Phytochrome C. Note high bootstrap values for Amborella as basal (Matthews and Donoghue, 1999). Bootstrap Value = 92 Bootstrap Value = 83

New Caledonia home to Amborella trichopoda! Fiji home to Degeneria

Degeneria- an old contender for the earliest angiosperm.

Amborella (the “A” of ANITA) showing general habit: shrub. UC Santa Cruz Botanical Gardens

amborella.flr jpg Amborella male flower-note “leaf- like” stamens and sepals and petals that are similar (tepals). Amborella is dioecious. Amborella branch- evergreen, simple, alternate leaves with wavy edges

Amborella is dioecious. Male flowers are about 4mm across and have tepals and 6-21 stamens. The reward for insect pollinators is pollen. Amborella trichopoda

Amborella Female Flowers tepals Staminodes (fake stamens) 3-6 carpels each a simple pistil.

Seeds Fruits Female Flowering Shoot

Three unrooted trees showing the relationships among the Gnetales (blue), Conifers (Green), Ginkgo&Cycads(Coral) and Angiosperms (fuschia). Bowe et al Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers PNAS 97:

Tree based on Phytochrome A and Phytochrome C. Note high bootstrap values for Amborella as basal (Matthews and Donoghue, 1999). Bootstrap Value = 92 Bootstrap Value = 83

Qiu et al.’s Tree (Nature, 25 November 1999) Based on 5 - genes 2-mitochondrial 2-plastid 1-nuclear Illiciales Nymphaeales Amborella Basal Angiosperms Magnoliids Bootstrap Value = 100

Barkman et al. 6-gene tree (PNAS 2000).

9-gene tree Barkman et al. 2000

Barkman et al. comparison of bootstrap values for Root A (Amborella and Nymphaeales) vs Root B (Amborella alone). Dark bars are noise-reduced; open are raw data.

Amborella and Nymphaeales share the basal clade Amborella alone is in the basal clade Support Leans Towards a Shared Clade

Textbook Version of the 4 Main Groups These 3 groups are unresolved

3. Monocots 2. Magnoliids 1. Basal Angiosperms 4. Eudicots- the largest group 4 Main Angiosperm Groups Shown on Qiu’s Tree

The ANITA group is mostly Australasian. Amborella is native to New Caledonia + =Illiciales (Trimeniaceae, Amborella) Austrobaileya