Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Plantae An Evolutionary History of Plants

Life on Earth: The First Forests Life on Earth: The First Forests Complete the information on the next two slides (also shown on the handout provided in class) as you view the film.

From the film, list the order of development of the members of the plant kingdom. _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Mosses Club Mosses Ferns Cycads Conifers (Gymnosperms) Angiosperms

Circle the group(s) that exhibit each of the properties listed below. a. a.Require water for swimming gametes mosses club mosses ferns cycads conifers angiosperms b. b.Possess a vascular system mosses club mosses ferns cycads conifers angiosperms c. c.Produce spores mosses club mosses ferns cycads conifers angiosperms d. d.Produce seeds mosses club mosses ferns cycads conifers angiosperms

Algae Are the Ancestors of Plants Photosynthetic Protists gave rise to plants Algae

Characteristics of Plants EukaryoticEukaryotic MulticellularMulticellular Autotrophic: photosyntheticAutotrophic: photosynthetic Sexual and asexual reproductionSexual and asexual reproduction Cell wall made of celluloseCell wall made of cellulose Usually non-motile except for gametesUsually non-motile except for gametes Adapted to life on landAdapted to life on land

Adaptations to Life on Land Roots and root-like structuresRoots and root-like structures Conduction vesselsConduction vessels Structural supportStructural support Water-proof coveringWater-proof covering Pores for gas and water exchangePores for gas and water exchange Mechanisms for dispersal of reproductive productsMechanisms for dispersal of reproductive products

Evolutionary Tree of Major Plant Groups Ancestral Algae Liver- worts MossesBryophytes True vascular tissue & lignin appear Ferns Gymno- sperms Seeds and pollen appear Flowers & Fruits appear Seed Plants Angio- spermsTracheophytes Shows increasing adaptations for land dwelling

Evolutionary trend: reduction of gametophyte Haploid Diploid Gametes form by mitosis Spores form by meiosis n nn Plant Life Cycle: Alternation of Generations Spore Mother Cell Egg Sperm Gametes meet & fuse to form zygote Zygote Embryo Sporophyte 2 n Spores n Gametophyte n n n 2n2n2n2n 2n2n2n2n 2n2n2n2n

Bryophytes: Mosses No fluid-conducting vascular systemNo fluid-conducting vascular system Enclosed reproductive structuresEnclosed reproductive structures Require moist environmentsRequire moist environmentsSporophyte(stalk) Female Gametophyte (leafy)

Tracheophytes: Vascular Plants Specialized groups of conducting cells organized into vesselsSpecialized groups of conducting cells organized into vessels Functions of vesselsFunctions of vessels –conduct water and nutrients –provide support to plant body with lignin Largest group of plantsLargest group of plants

Tracheophytes: Ferns Seedless vascular plantsSeedless vascular plants Tall leafy SporophyteTall leafy Sporophyte Gametophyte requires moist environmentGametophyte requires moist environment Archegonia produce eggs Antheridia produce sperm Gametophyte

Fern Life Cycle Young Sporophyte Haploid 1n Diploid 2n mitosis, differentiation, growth Mature Sporophyte meiosis Spore Case mitosis, differentiation, growth Mature Gametophyte growth Egg Sperm fusion to form zygote Zygote mitosis, differentiation, growth

Tracheophytes: Gymnosperms Seed-producing vascular plantsSeed-producing vascular plants Pollinated by windPollinated by wind Conifers adapted to cold, dry climateConifers adapted to cold, dry climate –cones to protect seeds –evergreen –waterproof needle-like leaves –sap does not freeze

Tracheophytes: Gymnosperms Giant Sequoia (Largest Living Thing) Coastal Redwood (Tallest Trees)

Two Uncommon Gymnosperms Gingko Cycad These plants have separate sexes, ie. male and female plants.

Tracheophytes: Angiosperms Seed and fruit-producing vascular plantsSeed and fruit-producing vascular plants Broad, waterproof leavesBroad, waterproof leaves Modified leaves = Flower = reproductive structureModified leaves = Flower = reproductive structure Many have animal pollinators; some use windMany have animal pollinators; some use wind Greatly reduced gametophyte (pollen grain and embryo sac with egg)Greatly reduced gametophyte (pollen grain and embryo sac with egg) Largest number of species (250,000)Largest number of species (250,000)

Applying Your Knowledge Which group of plants Encloses seeds within fruit?Encloses seeds within fruit? Does not have a vascular system?Does not have a vascular system? Protects seeds within a cone?Protects seeds within a cone? Has a vascular system but does not produce seeds?Has a vascular system but does not produce seeds? 1.Mosses 2.Ferns 3.Gymnosperms 4.Angiosperms