PLANT KINGDOM

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS BRYOPHYTES -First to evolve on land -No vascular tissue -Dependent on diffusion and osmosis -Grow in mats of low, tangled vegetation that easily hold water (no roots) -Contain Rhizoids (small root-like structures)

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES 3 Phyla: -Mosses -Liverworts -Hornworts

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES MOSSESLIVERWORTSHORNWORTS PHYSICAL APPEARANCE Short, vertical stems with leaf like structures Leafy stems or small flattened blades THICKNESS 1 cell thick 1 chloroplast per cell HABITAT Variety of ecosystemsMoist, shady places on rocks, trees, rotten wood, soil Damp locations such as tree trunks, riverbanks IMPORTANCE Most abundant biomass in bogs (peat accumulation), nutrient cycling, pharmaceutical potential Most like green algae, one of the first organisms to colonize disturbed areas, nutrient cycling, pharmaceutical potential Nutrient cycling, pharmaceutical potential

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES BRYOPHYTE LIFE CYCLE -Alternation of generations -Haploid gametophyte is the larger, longer-lasting dominant form GAMETOPHYTE –sexual phase in the alternation of generations SPOROPHYTE – asexual phase in the alternation of generations

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES 1. Gametophyte generation produces sporophytes that grow up on tall stalks

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES 2. Spores are produced on the end capsule of the sporophyte via meiosis

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES 3. Spores are released when the capsule bursts

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES 4. Spores germinate on the ground and develop into male or female gametophytes

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES 5. Female gametophyte develops an archegonium (makes eggs)

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES 6. Male gametophyte develops antheridium (makes sperm)

NON-VASCULAR PLANTS: BRYOPHYTES 7.Antheridium release sperm which swim to the archegonium for fertilization 8.Zygote is produced which undergoes mitosis to form a sporophyte

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS First to form forests 350 million years ago Developed vascular tissue to grow tall Sporophyte generation is the dominant phase, still requiring moisture for sexual reproduction

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS 4 Phyla: -Whisk ferns -Club mosses -Horsetails -Ferns

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS WHISK FERNS CLUB MOSSES HORSETAILSFERNS PHYSICAL APPEARANCE No leaves or roots Small needle- like leaves Hollow stems with scale like leaves that grow from nodes Have roots, stems and leaves HABITATMoist, tropical environments Moist, woodland environments Moist, tropical and temperate environments Warm, moist environments and cooler drier habitats REPRODUC- TION Spores dispersed by wind Spores dispersed by wind (formed in clusters of leaves at the end of stems) IMPORTANCEGreenhouse plant Oldest living vascular plant Scouring rushes Ornamental plant

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS FERN LIFE-CYCLE 1.Sporangium produces haploid spores that germinate to form a gametophyte (prothallus)

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS FERN LIFE-CYCLE 2. Prothallus produces antheridia (male organs) and archegonia (female organs)

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS FERN LIFE-CYCLE 3. Sperm from antheridia swim to an egg from the archegonium

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS FERN LIFE-CYCLE 4. Fertilized egg grows into a sporophyte

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS FERN LIFE-CYCLE 5. Sporophyte matures and roots and fronds develop from rhizome

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS FERN LIFE-CYCLE 6. Sori develop on pinnae. Sori forms spores via meiosis

SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS First appeared 280 million years ago when climate grew cooler and drier Two types: 1. Gymnosperms: vascular plant with non-enclosed seeds 2. Angiosperms: vascular plant with seeds enclosed in protective tissue

SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS SEEDS: allow plants to reproduce sexually with out needing water and provide protection against harsh environmental conditions

SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: GYMNOSPERMS Gymnosperm = “naked seed” -Seeds that are exposed on the surface of cone scales

SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: GYMNOSPERMS 3 Types of Gymnosperms 1. Conifers (Cone bearing trees): pines, firs, yew, spruce, cedars, redwood, etc 2. Cycadophytes: short, palm-like trees 3. Ginkgophyte: ginkgo biloba

SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: GYMNOSPERMS Cones: conifer reproductive structures -Male: soft and short-lived -Female: hard and longer-lasting; made of scales where eggs develop *** Transport of sperm from male cones to unfertilized eggs in the female cone via pollen (reduced gametophytes) ***

SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS Angiosperms: flowering (small or large and non- colourful or colourful) vascular, seed plants -Seeds are contained in a fruit -Flowers, non-coniferous trees, grasses, roadside weeds -Appeared 150 million years ago

SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION Male gametophyte: pollen grain containing sperm nuclei - Transported via wind or insects

SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION -Common for individual plants to be both male and female Ex: Lily

SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION FRUIT: a mature ovary containing seeds - Adapted to disperse seeds successfully

SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION Two types: 1.Monocots 2.Dicots ** Cotyledon: structure in the embryo that helps to nourish the plant as it first starts to grow

SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION 1.MONOCOTS: embryo contains one cotyledon -Flowers and fruits divided into threes or multiples of threes -Leaves have parallel veins -Corn, orchids, onions

SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS ANGIOSPERM CLASSIFICATION Two types: 2. DICOTS: embryo contains two cotyledons -Flowers and fruits divided into fours or fives -Leaves have veins in a netted pattern - dandelions, crab apples, maple trees

SEED PRODUCING VASCULAR PLANTS: ANGIOSPERMS