What is a plant??? Organism that is: Multicellular Eukaryote Autotrophic Has Cell wall Photosynthesizes

Plants evolved from Green Algae Brainstorm with a neighbor: What are differences between algae and plants?

Challenges from life in water to life on land Obtain resources from BOTH air and soil Roots: below ground and absorb nutrients and water Shoots: above ground and convert sunlight and CO2 to energy Vascular system: moves water and nutrients between roots and shoots.

SHOOTS ROOTS

Challenges from life in water to life on land Remaining upright and not falling over Lignin: chemical that hardens the cell wall to give strength and support to plants.

Challenges from life in water to life on land Maintaining Moisture Cuticle: Lipid, waxy covering that prevents water evaporation Stomata: Pores on underside of leaf that regulates water and gas exchange Guard cells: open and close the stomata

Hole = stomata Cells around hole = guard cells

Challenges from life in water to life on land Reproduction on land Need ways to prevent seeds from drying and ways to disperse

BRYOPHYTES Moss Lack lignin and are considered non vascular plants Require water to reproduce because gametes have flagella

Pteridophytes First group of plants to have vascular tissue (lignin) Able to grow taller now Ferns, horse tails Reproduce through spores on underside of leaf and no longer dependent on water

Gymnosperms First seed bearing plants Conifers and needle leaf trees Naked seeds because they are not surrounded by fruit. Conifers and needle leaf trees

Pollen cone Pollen grains Pine cone Seeds Male reproductive structure Male gamete, adapted to dry environment and transport through wind. Pine cone Female reproductive structure Seeds Plant embryo packaged with food supply inside a protective coat.

ANGIOSPERM Flowering plants Fruit: Ripened ovary used to protect seeds and disperse them.

Parts of a Flower Petals Stamen Brightly colored to attract pollinators Stamen Male reproductive structure Anther: holds pollen Male gamete Filament: holds up anther.

Parts of a Flower Carpel Female reproductive structure stigma: sticky to catch pollen Style: long tube that connects stigma and ovary Ovary: holds ovules (eggs)

How do Plants Reproduce? Pollination Rely on animals to transport pollen from male to female reproductive structure. Brightly colored petals attract pollinators Double Fertilization: When pollen travels down style it splits into 2 sperm cells 1 fertilizes the ovule to create seed Other creates food supply

Seed Dispersion Once pollination has occurred seeds need to spread to allow for new plant growth Burrs can stick to animals and move Fruit can be eaten and then the core thrown Some seeds need to be completely digested in order to grow. Water currents and wind.

Annuals: Go through a complete life cycle in one year. Baby blue eyes basil Merigolds tomato

biennials Takes two years to complete the life cycle. English daisy

Perennials Take several years to complete their life cycle. agave Cat tails Baby’s breath

Roots Found underground Anchor plant Hold soil in place Absorb water and nutrients.

Types of Roots Fibrous Roots SEVERAL THIN BRANCHING ROOTS

Types of Roots Fibrous Tap roots Long root to anchor plant Several small horizontal root hairs.

SHOOTS STEM LOCATION OF LIGNIN XYLEM AND PHLOEM TO MOVE WATER AND NUTRIENTS THROUGH PLANT.

Leaf Location of photosynthesis 2 parts Petiole Blade

Types of Tissue in Plants Dermal Tissue Acts as a protective barrier for the plant. Secretes the cuticle. Outer most layer of tissue.

Vascular Tissue Contains lignin to give support. XYLEM: transport water and nutrients from roots to shoots Transpiration is the evaporation of water through leaves that drives the process

Vascular Tissue . PHLOEM: transports sugars due to diffusion (high concentration to low concentration).

Ground tissue Tissue found between dermal and vascular tissue. Most abundant tissue type Location of photosynthesis

Primary growth Growth upwards and downwards in height. Occurs at root caps and buds in plants.

Secondary growth Growth in width outwards. Adds new xylem and phloem. Every 2 rings = 1 year of growth for tree rings.