WARM UP Copy (question and answers) and answer! Types of organic compounds include A. Lipids B. Nucleic Acids C. Carbohydrates D. All of the above

Organic Chemistry

I. Organic compounds A. Contain carbon atom(s) and usually come from living things. 1. Exception - CO 2 and CO

II. The HONC rule A. These are the four most common elements. B. Arrangement of letters in rule tell us the number of bonds the atom needs in order to be stable: 1. Hydrogen needs to form one chemical bond. 2. Oxygen needs to form two chemical bonds. 3. Nitrogen needs to form three chemical bonds. 4. Carbon needs to form four chemical bonds. What is the stable formula for methane (CH 4 )? Water (H 2 O)?Ammonia (NH 3 )?Carbon dioxide (CO2)

III. Writing Chemical Formulas A. Empirical formula - gives the number and kinds of atoms e.g. ethanol = C 2 H 6 O. B. Structural formula - lines represent chemical bonds (shared electrons) between atoms. C. Modified structural Formula - is used to save time. But don’t forget the HONC rule. ethanol CH 3 CH 2 OH

IV. Common functional groups A. Definition: Groups of atoms that give similar properties to otherwise dissimilar molecules. B. Hydrocarbons 1. Made of hydrogen and carbon, they form the backbone of most organic molecules. 2. Have a lot of stored energy. 3. Insoluble (don’t dissolve) in water Examples:

C. Alcohol (hydroxyl) groups (R-OH) 1. What does the “R” stand for? 2. Soluble in water. 3. Also good fuels. 4. Examples: CH 3 CH 2 OH (Ethanol) Can you write the structural formula?

D. Organic Acids/Carboxyl Group (R- COOH) 1. Like all acids, they are sour. 2. Many are aromatic (smell). 3. Water soluble 4. Examples: CH 3 –C O OH CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 –C O OH H-C O OH R–C O-H O Acetic Acid (Vinegar) Butyric Acid (Sweat) Formic Acid (Piss Ants)

E. Amine Group (R- NH 2 ) 1. Soluble in water 2. Alkaline (i.e. a proton acceptor) 3. Example: ammonia N H H H

After lecture cool down activity… Reflect on your learning today Answer in complete sentences. 3 things/facts/ideas you learned today 2 things/facts/ideas that surprised you today 1 question, comment, concern, or query that you have about today’s lecture.

STARTUP What six elements are found in organic compounds? A. Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur B. Carbon, Phosphorus, Sodium, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Sulfur C. Nitrogen, Carbon, Sodium, hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine D. Sulfur, Chlorine, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

I. Carbohydrates: A. Formula is usually multiple of (CH 2 O) n B. Functions: 1. Primary energy source (4 Kcals/gram) 2. Roughage or fiber. 3. Cell walls of plant cells (wood/paper). C. Dietary sources 1. Sweets and starchy foods

D. Kinds of carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides a) Made of single sugar units 2. Disaccharides a) Composed of two sugar units. b) Formed by dehydration synthesis, which produces water as a by-product.

3. Polysaccharides a) Many repeating glucose units b) Common polysaccharides: i.Glycogen is major storage form of glucose in animals. ii.Starch is the major storage form of glucose in plants. iii.Cellulose is the building material found in plants. iv.Chitin is a component of exoskeletons of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.

II. Lipids A. Functions as… 1. padding and insulation. 2. a long-term energy storage (9 Kcal/gram). 3. building blocks for some hormones. 4. some vitamins are stored in fats. B. Dietary sources 1. Meats, nuts, dairy and almost any greasy food. 2. Fat verses fattening! Explain this.

C. Types of Lipids: 1. Fats and Oils (triglycerides) 2. Waxes - Just like fats but longer chains of fatty acids. 3. Phospholipids: a phosphate (PO 4 ) molecule replaces a fatty acid chain on a triglyceride. a) Primary component of cell membranes. 4. Steroids

D. Formation of a “Fat Molecule” 1. Fatty acids (3) are bonded to a single glycerol molecule. What type of molecule is glycerol? 2. What reaction bonds 3 fatty acids to a glycerol together?

E. Types of Fatty Acids 1.Saturated a)Have no double bonds between the carbons in backbone. b)Come from animals c)Solids at room temperature d)Clog your arteries

2. Unsaturated fatty acids a) Have double bonds between the carbons within the chain. HO–C–(CH 2 ) 7 CH=CH–CH 2 CH=CH-(CH 2 ) 4 –CH 3 b) Come from plants c) Liquids (oils) at room temperature d) Don’t clog your arteries O

F.Steroids a)Many are made from a cholesterol backbone. b)Hormones are made from steroids. Draw a cholesterol molecule and one other steroid of the following:

After lecture cool down activity… Reflect on your learning today Answer in complete sentences. 3 things/facts/ideas you learned today 2 things/facts/ideas that surprised you today 1 question, comment, concern, or query that you have about today’s lecture.

STARTUP Most macromolecules are made up of thousands of smaller molecules called? A. Proteins B. Polymers C. Monomers D. Polysaccharides

STARTUP Finish (from 2.3) the table BONUS STAMP: What is polymerization? E.g. Carbon Compound MonomerPolymer ProteinProtein (polypeptide) CarbohydrateMonosaccharide Nucleic AcidDNA or RNA

Class Business Questions, Comments, Concerns, Queries New Grades Posted Quizzes Online, Next quiz Friday Outline 7-1 and 2 due Wed/Fri Respectively Today’s Assignment  Lesson: What are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?

Practice makes permanent, not perfect! Complete the worksheet by the end of the class. Copy the question and the answer Ask three (your group) before me (Mr. Hagen.

STARTUP Draw the general structure of a nucleotide and amino acid  Must include labels  3 parts to each one  Refer to Figure 2-15 and 2-16 Bonus Stamp: Which regions are variable and which regions are constant?

Class Business Questions, Comments, Concerns, Queries New Grades Posted Quizzes Online, Next quiz Friday Outline 7-1 and 2 due Wed/Fri Respectively Today’s Assignment  Color By Number: 2 Handouts  Notes on Proteins and Enzymes

III. Proteins: A. Functions: 1.Proteins form cellular structures (12-18% of body weight.) 2.Proteins form enzymes, which speed up chemical rxns (reactions) w/I (within) an organism. 3.Proteins form many toxins (poisons). 4.Proteins form antibodies (abs) and some hormones. 5.Proteins help transports substances within cells or body. B. Dietary sources 1.Meat, poultry, nuts, fish, etc. 2.Not vegetables (except-beans and peas)

III. Proteins (con’t) C. Protein Structure 1.Long chains of amino acids (monomers) held together by peptide bonds. 2.Twenty different types of amino acids. 3.The sequence of amino acids determines the properties of the protein.

D. All amino acids have: 1. An amino group (NH 2 ) 2. An acid (carboxyl) group (COOH) 3. Each of the twenty different amino acids have a different side chain (R) on their central carbon.

E. Formation of a Peptide Bond 1. Dipeptides are formed from 2 amino acids joined (thru dehydration synthesis) by a covalent bond called a peptide bond 2. Polypeptides chains formed from 10 to 2000 amino acids.

F. Enzymes: Do not write the following italic rhetoric question, but think about it! If I put glucose and fructose together how long will it take to convert it into sucrose? It would take about 10 years. If it takes so long, how does the sugar beet and sugar cane make sucrose within their short life spans?

1. Effectiveness of Catalysts a) Catalysts speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

2. Properties of Enzymes: a) Made of protein. b) Biological catalysts (speed up reactions). c) Are not used up in reactions, therefore can be used over and over. d) Specific for their substrate (reactants). e) Sensitive to temperature and pH. 1.Why do you die when the temperature gets too high within your body?

3. Enzyme Functions Enzymes speed up reactions by properly orienting colliding molecules Enzymes speed up reactions by properly orienting colliding molecules Need drawing of lock and key model Need drawing of lock and key model

After lecture cool down activity… Reflect on your learning today Answer in complete sentences. 3 things/facts/ideas you learned today 2 things/facts/ideas that surprised you today 1 question, comment, concern, or query that you have about today’s lecture.

Today’s Assignment Answer questions:  pg , DO NOT COPY THE QUESTION Answer in a complete sentence If you finish early you may work on homework or other assignments.