Organic Chemistry ! ! !

Alkanes Simplest organic compounds - ane ending Hydrocarbons Compounds made of only hydrogen and carbon atoms Saturated vs. unsaturated General formula pattern (C n H 2n + 2 ) Ex. Methane (CH 4 ) and propane (CH 3 )

Hydrocarbons Carbon atom—up to 4 bonds Hydrogen atom—forms 1 bond Carbon and hydrogen bonds can form chains, branches, or ring structures Ex. Glucose, amino acid, octane

Isomers Chemical compounds with the SAME molecular formula but DIFFERENT structure/arrangement Different compounds Many molecular formulas have several different structural arrangements. Few—assign prefixes Many—use systematic naming system

Functional Groups Atom/groups of atoms hanging off a hydrocarbon chain or ring structure Gives chemical compound its unique properties, part of compound participating in chemical reaction. Compounds with same functional group—similar chemical properties.

1. Alkyl Group Hydrocarbon branch hanging off a carbon chain or ring Originally an alkane, one hydrogen atom removed Cyclo—compounds with ring structure Ex. 1 Methane (CH 4 )— Methyl (--CH 3 ) Ex. 2 Ethane (CH 3 CH 3 )— Ethyl (--CH 2 CH 3 )

2. Alcohols Identified by the presence of a hydroxyl group(--OH) Hydrocarbon with an –OH hanging off Can have more than one hydroxyl group General formula: R—OH R = hydrocarbon Ex. 1 methane --- methanol (CH 3 OH) Ex. 2 ethane --- ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH)

3. Carboxylic Acids Identified by the presence of a carboxyl group (-- COOH) Gives acidic properties to organic compounds Generic formula: R—COOH Ex. 1 Methanoic acid/formic acid Ex. 2 Ethanoic acid/acetic acid

Organic Nomenclature

Nomenclature 1) Find the longest continuous chain—(carbon backbone) Stem name = identity of carbon backbone. 2) Number carbons so the functional groups are at the lowest carbon, want lowest possible numbering. -prefixes indicate functional groups hanging off backbone 3) Double and triple bonds trump functional groups in naming with lowest possible numbering. 4) Use di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. for identical groups on carbon backbone. List position with number even if on the same carbon. 5) List groups in alphabetical order

Ex. 1

Ex. 2

Alkenes Contain double bonds to carbon --ene ending

Alkynes Contain triple bonds to carbon --yne ending

Ex. 4 3-heptyne

Ex. 5 3-methyldecane

Ex. 6 2-chloro-3-octene Draw carbon skeleton first Numbers indicate where functional groups and bonds are located.

Homework Read pp , A22-A25 Complete Organic Nomenclature worksheet