Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

Chapter 2 The Constitution

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives Roots of the New American Nation LO 2.1: Trace the historical developments that led to the colonists’ break with Great Britain and the emergence of the new American nation. The First Attempt at Government: The Articles of Confederation LO 2.2: Identify the key components of the Articles of Confederation and the reasons why it failed.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives The Miracle at Philadelphia: Writing the U.S. Constitution LO 2.3: Outline the issues and compromises that were central to the writings of the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Constitution LO 2.4: Analyze the underlying principles of the U.S. Constitution

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives The Drive for Ratification of the U.S. Constitution LO 2.5: Explain the conflicts that characterized the drive for ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Toward Reform: Methods of Amending the U.S. Constitution LO 2.6: Distinguish between the methods for proposing and ratifying amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Roots of the New American Nation LO 2.1: Trace the historical developments that led to the colonists’ break with Great Britain and the emergence of the new American nation. LO 2.1: Trace the historical developments that led to the colonists’ break with Great Britain and the emergence of the new American nation. Tensions begin to build in the 1760s British use mercantilism to justify control French and Indian War increases British debt and colonists’ dependence Series of acts are passed taxing items such as sugar, tea, and paper products To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Roots of the New American Nation Stamp Act Congress (1765) is formed to address grievances Committees of Correspondence (1772) form to keep colonists abreast of developments Despite grievances taxation continues LO 2.1 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The First Continental Congress Held in Philadelphia from Sept 5 th to Oct 26 th, 1774 Objectives –Formally oppose the Coercive Acts –Boycott British goods –Draft a Declaration of Rights and Resolves Planned next meeting for May 1775 LO 2.1 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Second Continental Congress Prior to meeting, fighting breaks out April 19 th, 1775 at Lexington and Concord Adopt Olive Branch Petition; rejected by the King Thomas Paine writes Common Sense in January 1776 Declaration of Independence is written in July 1776 and draws heavily from English philosopher John Locke LO 2.1 To Learning Objectives

What was the main grievance of the Stamp Act Congress? A.The Stamp Act barred the colonists from using their own stamps. B.The Stamp Act had little effect in raising the required revenues to pay for the French and Indian War. C.The taxes imposed by the British had a religious context and therefore conflicted with the separation of church and state. D.The British Parliament had no authority to tax the colonists without colonial representation in that body. E.The Stamp Act included the taxing of books and playing cards. LO 2.1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To Learning Objectives

What was the main grievance of the Stamp Act Congress? A.The Stamp Act barred the colonists from using their own stamps. B.The Stamp Act had little effect in raising the required revenues to pay for the French and Indian War. C.The taxes imposed by the British had a religious context and therefore conflicted with the separation of church and state. D.The British Parliament had no authority to tax the colonists without colonial representation in that body. E.The Stamp Act included the taxing of books and playing cards. LO 2.1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The First Attempt at Government: The Articles of Confederation LO 2.2: Identify the key components of the Articles of Confederation and the reasons why it failed. LO 2.2: Identify the key components of the Articles of Confederation and the reasons why it failed. First formal independent government Establishes a confederation in which states are the dominant source of power Federal government is deliberately weak No standing federal executive, judiciary, or power to tax Shays’s Rebellion illustrates Articles’ weaknesses To Learning Objectives

What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create? A.Federal government B.Confederacy C.Republic D.Democracy E.Unitary government LO 2.2 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To Learning Objectives

What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create? A.Federal government B.Confederacy C.Republic D.Democracy E.Unitary government LO 2.2 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Miracle at Philadelphia: Writing the U.S. Constitution LO 2.3: Outline the issues and compromises that were central to the writing of the U.S. Constitution. LO 2.3: Outline the issues and compromises that were central to the writing of the U.S. Constitution. Constitutional Convention Held in Philadelphia in May, 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation Fifty-five delegates (referred to as the “Founders” or “Framers”) attended Motives of the delegates unclear Diversity of opinions necessitates compromise To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Virginia Plan Favored the large states Provided for three branches of government Produced a bicameral system –One chamber chosen by the people –One chamber chosen by state legislatures Congress would choose executive and judiciary LO 2.3 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The New Jersey Plan Essentially strengthened the Articles of Confederation Produced a unicameral system –Each state, regardless of the number of representatives, was given one vote –Members were elected by state legislatures Supreme Court with life terms appointed by the Executive LO 2.3 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Constitutional Compromises The Great Compromise –Bicameral system: House based on population (elected by the people); Senate based on statehood (elected by state legislatures): two for each state –Revenue bills originate in House –National government is supreme The Three-Fifths Compromise –Each slave counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of representation –Prevents attacks on slavery but makes spread of slavery northward unlikely LO 2.3 To Learning Objectives

The disagreement over the Virginia and New Jersey Plans was solved by what? A.The Three-Fifths Compromise B.The disagreement was never solved C.The Great Compromise D.Presidential decree E.George Washington through clever negotiations LO 2.3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To Learning Objectives

The disagreement over the Virginia and New Jersey Plans was solved by what? A.The Three-Fifths Compromise B.The disagreement was never solved C.The Great Compromise D.Presidential decree E.George Washington through clever negotiations LO 2.3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The U.S. Constitution LO 2.4: Analyze the underlying principles of the U.S. Constitution LO 2.4: Analyze the underlying principles of the U.S. Constitution Federalism Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Seven Articles Twenty Seven Amendments – the first ten of which are the Bill of Rights To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Articles of the Constitution Article I: The Legislative Branch Bicameral Sets out terms, selection, apportionment Section 8 Enumerated powers –17 clauses Implied powers –Final clause: necessary and proper clause LO 2.4 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Articles of the Constitution Article II: The Executive Branch –Four year terms –Qualifications for office –Removal –Powers Commander in Chief Treaties Appointments –Addressing the nation LO 2.4 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Articles of the Constitution Article III: the Judicial Branch The Supreme Court Congress and the lower courts Jurisdiction LO 2.4 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Articles IV through VII Article IV: relations among the states and the full faith and credit clause Article V: amending the constitution Article VI: supremacy clause Article VII: ratification The Articles of the Constitution LO 2.4 To Learning Objectives

The ______________ can be found in Article IV of the Constitution. A.commerce clause B.necessary and proper clause C.supremacy Clause D.full faith and credit clause E.elastic clause LO 2.4 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The ______________ can be found in Article IV of the Constitution. A.commerce clause B.necessary and proper clause C.supremacy Clause D.full faith and credit clause E.elastic clause LO 2.4 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Drive for Ratification of the U.S. Constitution LO 2.5: Explain the conflicts that characterized the drive for ratification of the U.S. Constitution. LO 2.5: Explain the conflicts that characterized the drive for ratification of the U.S. Constitution. States held ratifying conventions –Initially great resistance from the states Federalists and Anti-Federalists Federalists and Anti-Federalists –The Federalist Papers Nine states need to ratify –New Hampshire becomes the ninth in 1788 States ultimately ratified on condition of the inclusion of a Bill of Rights To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Federalist Papers Most written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison between October 1787 and May 1788 Explanations of the Framers’ intentions Nos. 10, 51, and 78 of particular importance LO 2.5 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Bill of Rights First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution Largely guarantee specific rights and liberties including freedom of expression, speech, press, religion, and assembly Ratified in 1791 LO 2.5 To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman What did the Federalists favor? A.A strong national government B.A weak national government C.Strong state governments D.Limited taxing power E.State militias LO 2.5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman What did the Federalists favor? A.A strong national government B.A weak national government C.Strong state governments D.Limited taxing power E.State militias LO 2.5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Toward Reform: Methods of Amending the U.S. Constitution LO 2.6: Distinguish between the methods for proposing and ratifying amendments to the U.S. Constitution. LO 2.6: Distinguish between the methods for proposing and ratifying amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Framers made formal amendment process slow to prevent impulsive amendments Two methods for amending: formal and informal To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Two-step process Proposal –By Congress or state legislatures (state legislatures have never proposed) Ratification –By state legislatures or conventions (convention used only for Twenty-First Amendment LO 2.6 Formal Methods of Amending the Constitution To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Informal Methods of Amending the Constitution Judicial Interpretation –Marbury v. Madison (1803) and judicial review Social and Cultural Change –Racism, sexism –Economic crises LO 2.6 To Learning Objectives

Why is the amendment of the Twenty-First Amendment considered unique? A.It was amended informally through judicial review. B.It reversed a prior amendment. C.It was never actually amended. D.It was the only amendment to be ratified by state conventions. E.Both B and D. LO 2.6 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To Learning Objectives

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Why is the amendment of the Twenty-First Amendment considered unique? A.It was amended informally through judicial review. B.It reversed a prior amendment. C.It was never actually amended. D.It was the only amendment to be ratified by state conventions. E.Both B and D. LO 2.6 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To Learning Objectives

Figure 2.1: How did the British presence in what is now the United States look in 1763? To Learning Objectives

Figure 2.2: What are the separation of powers and checks and balances under the U.S. Constitution? Back To Learning Objectives

Figure 2.3: How can the U.S. Constitution be amended? Back To Learning Objectives

Table 2.1: How do the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution compare to one another? To Learning Objectives

Table 2.2: What were the differences between the Federalists and the Anti- Federalists? Back To Learning Objectives