THIRD WAVE DEMOCRATIZATION World History

STINGER 1.What vocabulary do you need to know to understand the graph? 2.What is the purpose of the graph? 3.What information does the graph provide? 4.Identify at least two patterns in the graph. 5.Explain why those patterns exist. 6.What does this tell you about the popularity of the concept of democracy throughout the world?

THREE WAVES OF DEMOCRATIZATION  First Wave  Enlightenment  Europe and North America  Second Wave  Post War  Africa and Asia  Third Wave  Former soviet republics  Eastern Europe  Africa

STRUGGLES WITH DEMOCRATIZATION  Failure to consolidate democracy  Corruption  Nigeria  Clientele states  Consolidation of power within a single party  Mexico  Russia  Backsliding into autocracy  Taking advantage of instability  Using the democratic system to consolidate power.

A FOURTH WAVE?  Arab Spring  Egypt  Libya  Syria  Iraq?  Afganistan (resurgence of the Taliban)  Palestinian statehood?  Fall of Saudi Monarchy?

DEMOCRATIZATION ACTIVITY  You will be given a country to democratize.  All information comes from the CIA Factbook  Background  Economy  Religion  International Conflict  Read the information in order to make informed decisions about what kind of democracy to create

ROLE OF SUBGOVERNMENTS  Confederal  Sub-governments have power and give some to national government  Ex:  United States under Articles of Confederation  United Nations  Pros: Local control, allows for diversity of policy  Cons: no national control, subgovernments responsible for enforcement, difficult taxation situation

ROLE OF SUBGOVERNMENTS  Federal  Subgovernments and national government share power  Spheres of policy influence for each level  Subgovernments and national governments act as checks on each other’s power  Ex  United States  Mexico  Russia (Partially)  Pros: Allows for diversity of policy, laboratories of democracy, allows for structure of national legislature to reflect geographic diversity  Cons: conflict between subgovernments and national government, inconsistent interpretations of national policy

ROLE OF SUBGOVERNMENTS  Unitary  All power at the national level  Provinces have no autonomy  Ex  Canada  Great Britain  China  Pros: consistency of national policy in all parts of country, consistent interpretation of policy  Cons: does not allow for diversity, does not provide natural means to construct national legislature

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATURE  Parliamentary  Executive is chosen from majority party or majority coalition in the legislature  Examples: Germany, Switzerland, Canada  While some parliamentary systems allow for election of individuals by district (Britain), most are party list systems  Voter simply chooses party  Party has list of members by seniority  Party gains # of seats equal to percentage of vote  Most often leads to multiparty system  Pros: policies of majority party pass easily, legislation is swift and decisive, party list voting method allows for simplicity of voting choice  Cons: minority party has few checks on passage of legislation, coalitions are fragile if there is no majority party

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATURE  Presidential  Executive elected separately from legislature  Examples: United States, Mexico, Nigeria  Checks and balances between the legislature and the executive  Executive may or may not belong to the majority party or coalition  President typically much stronger than the Prime Minister  Pros: checks and balances, more voter interaction in the system  Cons: legislation is slow and messy, executive action may be limited, conflict between the executive and the legislature is common

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATURE  Mixed  Parliamentary system with an additional executive to act in international matters  Examples: France and Russia  Prime minister chosen by parliament, president chosen by people  President may have sweeping executive powers such as  Direct referendum  Dissolution of the legislature  Pros: allows for both democratic and autocratic features of government, allows for swift and decisive action in the legislature and in the executive  Cons: Executive power can easily overpower the legislature, executives may collude to overtake other branches.

LEGISLATURES  Unicameral  One chamber  Ex: China  Pros: swift and decisive executive action  Cons: little place for diversity of belief  Bicameral  Two chambers  Membership usually based on different things in different chambers  One chamber might represent  Subgovernments  Ethnic groups  Social classes  Pros: checks and balances on legislation, legislation that is passed indicates broad agreement  Cons: SLOW, legislation might be lengthy and confusing

JUDICIARIES  Independent or aligned?  Independent judiciaries usually have power of judicial review to ensure that legislation is constitutional  US Supreme Court  French Constitutional Court  Aligned judiciaries are dependent on the legislature and/or executive and cannot rule against them.  Elected or appointed  Elected: ensures democratic checks on judiciary  Appointed: allows judiciary to make unpopular decisions to protect constitutional framework

ELECTORAL RULES  Requirements based on ages, residency, etc  Frequency of elections  2 years  4 years  5 years  Whenever the prime minister calls one  Ability to run for re-election  Unlimited  One term only  Two terms only

CONSTITUTIONAL CHECKS  Constitutional Checks used by different democracies  Judicial review before or after passage of legislation  Veto  Override Veto  Dissolution of legislation  Vote of no confidence in Prime Minister  Impeachment of officials  Referendum (vote directly by people)

PROTECTION OF ETHNIC MINORITIES, RELIGIOUS MINORITIES, AND WOMEN  Ways to protect minorities  Constitutional provisions that protect and maintain rights.  Reserved seats in the legislature  Special rights  Official Areas with partial autonomy (Native Americans)

PROTECTION OF RIGHTS THROUGH LISTS  Lists we have previously discussed  Magna Carta  English Bill of Rights  US Bill of Rights  Universal Declaration of Human Rights

SO WHAT DO WE DO?  Chose a relationship between subgovernments and national government and explain why.  Confederal  Federal  Unitary  Chose a relationship between the executive and the legislature and explain why.  Parliamentary  Preseidntial  Blended  Design a legislature and explain why.  Unicameral  Bicameral  Districts?

SO WHAT DO WE DO?  Design a judiciary and explain why?  Independent or aligned?  Elected or appointed?  Design an electoral system and explain why.  Requirements  How often?  Individual or party list  How often renewable

SO WHAT DO WE DO?  Protect your constitution. Choose 2 checks on government power and explain why.  Judicial Review  Veto  Override veto  Referendum  Vote of no confidence  Impeachment  Dissolution of legislature  Protect your ethnic minorities. Choose one protection and explain why.  Reserved seats  Special rights  Official areas w/ partial autonomy  Write ten constitutional protections of rights and explain why.