Click to edit Master subtitle style Oceanography and the Nature of Science

A. What is Science? 1. Science literally means “having knowledge” 2. Science is the search for answers to questions in a methodical way. 3. And there is a specific method for going about obtaining knowledge scientifically.

B. The Scientific Method 1. Purpose: Why are we doing this? - state the problem. 2. Research: Start by gathering data. 3. Hypothesis: a prediction based on data of what you think might happen. 4. Experiment: set up a way to test your prediction. 5. Analysis- record and interpret the results of your test. 6. Conclusion- compare your hypothesis to the results of your tests. PURPOSE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS CONCLUS ION

C. Theories and Laws 1. Just because scientific theories are developed because of observations doesn’t mean they are “True” 2. Theories don’t become laws. 3. A Theory is an explanation based on multiple observations. What theories do you have about this party?

C. Theories and Laws 1. Just because scientific theories are developed because of observations doesn’t mean they are “True” 2. Theories don’t become laws. 3. A Theory is an explanation based on multiple observations. 4. Law- a rule that describes the behavior of something in nature. A Law describes what will happen in a situation, but not why it happens. What will happen to this cliff jumper? What do we know? What can we theorize?

C. Theories and Laws 1.Often, scientists develop theories about why something happens based on tests and observations. (ex. Theory of Relativity proposed by Albert Einstein) 2.Laws are developed after tests and observations too, but “why” is not always known. What is known is that the tests always have the same conclusion. (ex. Law of Gravity)

D. Science Without Bias: Is it Possible? For science to be done accurately it must be done without Bias. Bias is simply your personal opinion. Preconceived notions and personal beliefs can affect your observations. For example if you believe in aliens, your more likely to report seeing one, and truly believe you have seen one, whether you truly have or not. Do you think it is possible for a scientist’s who has spent 20 years of his life doing an in-depth study, trying to gather evidence in support of his theory, to be unbiased?

Observations Any information collected with the senses. Quantitative – measureable or countable 3 meters long 4 marbles 50 kilograms 35 degrees Celsius Qualitative – describable, not measureable red flowers smells like fresh baked cookies Tastes bitter The skill of describing scientific events

Inference Conclusions or deductions based on observations. The process of drawing a conclusion from given evidence. Practice: Observations: I hear people screaming I smell cotton candy, popcorn, and hamburgers I see a lot of people Inference = ?

What do you see?

F. Independent and Dependent Variables The scientific method requires variables for testing. “Is plant growth affected by the amount of sunlight?” - tested by varying the amount of sunlight several plants receive and comparing the growth of the plants. Independent variable is what you control in the experiment (the amount of sunlight). Dependent variable is what you measure in the experiment (the plant growth).

G. Graphing Data If you were to graph the relationship between plant growth and hours of sunlight received, which variable would go on your “X” axis? Bottom line= be independent

What is Oceanography? Oceanography is the study of the ocean using scientific methods of testing and data recording.

G. Earth and its Oceans Earth's surface is mostly water: 71% How did the oceans form?

G. Earth and its Oceans Earth's surface is mostly water: 71% How did the oceans form? One theory states: As Earth warmed and partially melted, water locked in the minerals as hydrogen and oxygen were released and carried to the surface by volcanic venting activity (outgassing). Once the hydrogen and oxygen was released into the atmosphere, it combined to become water vapor. As more water was produced, clouds formed and it rained and rained and rained!

G. Earth and its Oceans The presence of water on Earth is due to the “Goldilocks Effect” - Earth is a perfect distance from the sun for water to be liquid on the planet. Too close, and water would be permanently water vapor. Too far, and water would be permanently ice. Liquid water is essential to support life on Earth!

I. One World Ocean, 5 Names All the oceans are interconnected, but we use 5 names to identify the 5 main ocean basins. They are Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern (formerly the Antarctic).

J. The Disciplines of Oceanography 1.Oceanography is composed of 4 basic disciplines: 1.Geological Oceanography – Structure and formation of the sea floor 2.Chemical Oceanography - Chemical composition and properties of seawater 3.Physical Oceanography - Waves, tides, currents (all movement) 4.Biological Oceanography - Oceanic life forms