 Authoritarian –concentrates authority in few executive agencies manned by capable and uncorrupt elites seeking to improve environmental outcomes  Democratic--spreads authority over several levels and agencies of government, including representative legislatures, and that encourages direct public participation from a wide cross-section of society

 “Citizen participation is limited to learning and obeying state policies.” p. 291

 National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) -primary policymaking and regulatory authority in the energy sector,  National Energy Administration (NEA) (formed 2008) key energy regulator for the country  approves new energy projects  sets domestic wholesale energy prices  implements central government's energy policies,  National Energy Commission (formed 2010) – coordinate energy policy among the various agencies under the State Council

 Average annual growth rate : 10%  From 1990 to 2009, moved from net exporter of oil to world’s second largest net importer  World’s largest producer and consumer of coal – 46% world’s coal consumption

 China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC)  leading upstream player in China  publicly-listed arm PetroChina,  together account for roughly 60 % domestic oil and 80% natural gas output  China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation (Sinopec)  downstream activities (refining and distribution)  China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC): offshore oil exploration and production

COAL  US 2010 – 1.0 billion short tons (flat or declining)  China 2010 – 3.7 billion short tons (rising) OIL  US 2010 – 19.1 million bpd  China 2010 – 9.4 million bpd

CHINA  ss US  ss

RankRank Country Annual CO2 emissions [7][8] (in thousands of metric tonnes) [7][8] Percentage of global total World29,888,121100% 1 China [9]China [9] 7,031, % 2 United States 5,461, % - European Union (27)European Union4,177,817 [10] [10] 14.04% 3 India 1,742, % 4 Russia 1,708, % 5 Japan 1,208, % 6 Germany 786, % 7 Canada 544, % Per capita: China: 4.6 tonnes/capita US: 19.1 tonnes/capita Projections are that by 2030 China will account for ½ global 2008 emissions

 Reduce emission intensity of GDP 40-45% by 2020 (over 2005 levels)  At Durban, China agreed to negotiate a legally binding treaty (including the possibility of an absolute emission cap) by 2020

 Can produce a rapid response to problem  But if fragmentation remains, can undermine implementation due to illegitimacy  Low social concern makes authoritarianism more necessary and more difficult

2009 State of Union: To truly transform our economy, protect our security, and save our planet from the ravages of climate change, ne need to ultimately make clean, renewable energy the profitable kind of energy

 Federalism: gives extensive powers to 50 states  Separation of powers  Congress ▪ 2 equal chambers ▪ House – 435 seat elected every 2 years ▪ Senate – 2 seats per state elected every 6 years  President – elected separately every 4 years  Courts

 House: 50% +1  Senate: effective majority is 60%  Treaties: 2/3 rd of Senate requires  President needs to sign laws passed by Congress  If president vetos, 2/3 rd of both houses can overturn

Congress and president same party: working majority is 60% Congress and president different party: working majority is 67% Note contrast to Canada, China

 2009 House: 257 D 178 R  2009 Senate: 58 D 40 R 2 I

 2011 House: 193 D 242 R (55.6%)

 2011 Senate: 51 D 47 R 2 I

 2001 – US cars and trucks averaged 24.7 m.p.g.  m.p.g.  New regs: up to 55 m.p.g. by 2025  Obama weekly addressaddress  Nov 2011, Canada announced it would attempt to meet US 2025 targets  But unclear whether by regulation or voluntary March 20, 2012Sustainable Energy Policy23

 2009 – House passes Waxman-Markey  17% reduction by 2020  Riddled with concession  2010 Senate  Coalition building required giving everything away  Coalition of senators fell apart when initiative got framed as “gas tax”  “on climate change, Obama grew timid and gave up, leaving the dysfunctional Senate to figure out the issue on its own”  Personal impact

 As of April 2011, 32 states have RPS or Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards; another six have voluntary standards (Pew Centre on Global Climate Change, 2011)  California most aggressive

 California leadership  Western Climate Initiative