El Niño/Southern Oscillation Major climatic perturbation on the planet Coupled atmosphere ocean process Key is the western tropical Pacific – Ascending.

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Presentation transcript:

El Niño/Southern Oscillation Major climatic perturbation on the planet Coupled atmosphere ocean process Key is the western tropical Pacific – Ascending branch of the Walker circulation – Potential energy for Kelvin wave pulse

The Southern Oscillation Discovered in 1928 by Sir Gilbert Walker Links  ’ s in global climate indices Proposes a zonal circulation cell over the equatorial Pacific

The Southern Oscillation

Pressure  ’ s regulate strength of the trades El Niño periods = weak trades

Southern Oscillation Index SOI = Tahiti - Darwin air pressure  ’ s Low SOI = El Niño conditions

Southern Oscillation Index

Southern Oscillation

Walker Circulation East-to-west pressure gradients drive trades

Walker Circulation Vertical cell driven by warmest waters

Western Pacific Warm Pool

Coupled Walker/Ocean Circulation

TOGA-TAO Array Equatorial array of buoys (also Atlantic & Indian) U.S., Japan, India, French, etc. partnership

Moorings Measure met & ocean properties Thermocline focus Real-time data transmission Used in weather & climate forecasts

TAO Moorings

Southern Oscillation

El Niño Conditions

El Niño Events Relaxation of trades causes warm pool to slosh across Pacific basin

El Niño Conditions

La Nina Opposite phase of the ENSO cycle Intensified trades & Walker circulation Thermocline undergoes maximum upwelling

Altimetry & ENSO States Most “ action ” is in the tropical Pacific Effects are seen in other places – East subtropics – Western NECC region

Equatorial Kelvin Waves Satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon Scenes are 10 days apart

Equatorial Kelvin & Rossby Waves

Off-Equatorial Rossby Waves Equatorial Kelvin Waves

Planetary Waves & El Niños

Effects of an El Niño Region of ascending air has moved to center of equatorial Pacific Climate system shifts over 10,000 km to east Affects the entire planet

Effects of an El Niño Places that were wet are now dry and vice versa

Effects of an El Niño

Teleconnections Discovered in 1928 by Sir Gilbert Walker Links  ’ s in global climate indices Proposes a zonal circulation cell over the equatorial Pacific

El Niño & Hurricane Damage

El Niño & Diseases

El Niño Hadley cells intensify as source of heat is now in central equatorial Pacific Jet stream intensifies & takes south path

El Niño in the United States

El Niño in California

97/98 El Niño At its peak, the 97/98 El Niño was biggest of all time

97/98 El Niño

TOPEX/Poseidon sea level anomaly - December 1, 1997

97/98 El Niño

OLR = outgoing longwave energy (high OLR = no clouds) 97/98 El Niño

Present Conditions

EL NIÑO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) DIAGNOSTIC DISCUSSION 5 January 2012 Synopsis: La Niña is expected to continue into the Northern spring 2012.

Present Conditions

Nino Regions

More readings NOAA ENSO Page Review of 97/98 El Nino Phaden_elnino_review.pdf

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