STANDARD SSWH1 The student will analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BCE to 500 BCE. ELEMENT b. Describe the relationship of religion and political authority in Ancient Egypt.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

GEOGRAPHY Settlements along Nile surrounded by deserts Protection and isolation Narrow strip of fertile land Yearly flooding, but predictable Intricate network of irrigation ditches Worshiped as a god – giver of life and benevolent

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Upper and Lower Egypt Lower Egypt = Delta Where most of Egypt’s history focused Upper Egypt developed later upstream Nile provided reliable transportation to go north, drift with the current toward the sea to go south, sail catching the Mediterranean breeze

Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Menes in 3,100 B.C.E. Foundation of the capital Memphis. Early Step Pyramid is built at Saqqara. Unlike Sumeria, no independent city-states in Egypt Creates first Egyptian dynasty EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD BCE Step pyramid at Saqqara

Pharaoh [royal house] the ruler of Egypt PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. were considered gods; served both political and religious roles Ruled under a Theocracy Pharaoh’s thought to rule after death All possessed the eternal spirit of ka As Gods = full responsibility for Egypt’s well-being. The pharaoh Akenaton and his wife-sister Nefertiti worshiping the sun god, Ra.

The Great Pyramids at Giza. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. OLD KINGDOM BCE pyramids = tombs, place of rule The Great Pyramids built at Giza. Created a bureaucracy: an administrative organization with officials and regular procedures Bureaucracies helped Pharaohs. Vizier- most important official and reported directly to the Pharaoh.

Central power collapses Lower Egypt: Invaded by Hyksos Asiatic people who used horse drawn chariots bronze tools and weapons Upper Egypt dominated by kings in Thebes. MIDDLE KINGDOM BCE

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Theban King Ahmose = expelled the Hyksos and reunites Egypt. Memphis now main residential city. Ramses II ( BC) divides power in Middle East with the Hittites Qantir capital of Egypt. Tutankhamen restored the old gods when Ramses died. Invasions of mysterious sea peoples wreck havoc throughout Mediterranean region. NEW KINGDOM BCE

RELIGION Polytheistic: Over 2,000 gods Ra, the sun god; Horus, sky god; Anubis, god of embalming; Isis, mother goddess “giver of life” associated with Nile Belief in an afterlife. Pharaoh's often buried with servants, food, and items they would need to rule. The dead were judged by Osiris, god of the dead. Mummification rituals for Pharaohs and extremely wealthy Above: The pantheon of Egyptian gods* PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Social Structure PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Socially Mobile classes Women treated respectfully. Retained property and inheritance rights when married. In charge of household and education of their children. Some operated businesses. Upper class women could become priestesses 4 queens became Pharaohs. Men and women wore makeup Kohl- dark lined eyes in artwork Both genders wore lipstick Merchants traded up and down the Nile as well as w/other countries. Bulk of population = peasants who farmed the land.

Pictographs developed into hieroglyphics (priest carvings/sacred writings” Written on Papyrus, unfurled reed from the Nile, dried into strips The Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799 A.D. and was instrumental in deciphering hieroglyphics Hieratic script was a simpler version of hieroglyphics and used for business and daily life. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Egyptian Writing

Geometry Base 10 numeric system (decimal) engineers and architects, first to use stone columns Calendar Amazing advancements in medicine: Mummification splints, bandages, compresses for fractures, wounds, and disease. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

STANDARD SSWH1 The student will analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BCE to 500 BCE. ELEMENT b. Describe the relationship of religion and political authority in Ancient Egypt. List five points that will help you explain this standard/element: