Hawai’i National Marine Renewable Energy Center (HINMREC) Hawai’i Natural Energy Institute (HNEI) School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) University of Hawai’i (UH) September 16, 2011

Hawaii National Marine Renewable Energy Center  Facilitate development of wave energy Conversion (WEC) systems;  Support Development of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technologies 2

Hawaii Electricity Demand: Contribution Potential IslandWave FarmChallenge OTECChallenge Oahu< 17%Siting: requires all shoreline segments; Storage: intermittent resource >> 100%No prototype operational data Maui< 75%“ >> 100% “ Hawaii< 150%“ >> 100% “ Kauai< 300%Siting: requires 30% shoreline segments; Storage: intermittent resource >> 100% “ Molokai< 2000%Storage: intermittent resource >> 100% “ 3

Environmental Impact Studies Goal: inputs to EISs required for permitting and licensing of WEC & OTEC  Worked with federal regulatory agencies (FERC, BOEM, and NOAA) to define differences between ocean energy systems and already established regulated industrial activities:  OTEC key differentiator: return of large amounts of deep seawater (“plume”) below the photic zone 4

Environmental Impact Studies  OTEC plume impact can not be determined a priori;  Must monitor operations through an “Adaptive Management” Protocol;  UH greatest contribution would be to design such Protocol. 5

OTEC Operations: Environmental Parameters Nutrients & BiologicalCTDCarbonate Cycle Nitrate*TemperatureDissolved Inorganic Carbon Phosphate*Salinity*pH Silicate*Dissolved OxygenAlkalinity *Chlorophyll a 6 *Monitor at: (i)Plume Neutral Buoyancy Depth (“known”); (ii)Far Field (TBD)

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Annex 8

9 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) 10 Resource: Baseload energy production potential of at least 30% world wide consumption in tropical oceans around the world. Ninety-eight (98) nations have adequate OTEC resource within EEZ with direct application in Hawai’i and 5 US Trust Territories Technology: Uses temperature difference between warm surface water and cold deep water (1,000m) to generate electricity Technology status: - Electricity generation and simultaneous desalinated water production has been demonstrated 24/7 at experimental scale (~ 250kW) Industry technology development needs:  Economic models indicate scale of > 50 MW needed in USA to be economically viable;  Low cost manufacture and long-term testing of critical components, such as heat exchangers (HXs);  Deployment and testing of a pre-commercial OTEC plant (5 to 10 MW) to determine realistic costs, survivability, and environmental impact;  Sustained and substantial government support through pre-commercial demonstration is a critical requirement.

Two Year (July 2007-June 2009) Average Temp. Difference {T 20m – T 1000m }

Hawaii Ocean Time Series Kahe Station :  T Daily Averages Change 1°C in  T  15% change in P net. 12

98 nations with adequate OTEC resource within EEZ Theoretical Energy Production > 1/3 World Wide Consumption Source: