by Frank J. Landy & Jeffrey M. Conte Work in the 21st Century: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology (4th Edition) by Frank J. Landy & Jeffrey M. Conte

Work in the 21st Century Chapter 1 What is Industrial and Organizational Psychology?

Module 1.1: Fundamentals of I-O Psychology Importance of I-O psychology Importance of work in people’s lives What is I-O psychology? The application of psychological principles, theory, and research to the work setting.

Fundamentals of I-O Psychology (cont’d) SIOP (Division 14 of APA) Fields of I-O Psychology Personnel psychology Organizational psychology Human engineering

Relatively New Topics of Interest to I-O Psychology Building sustainable and environmentally conscious organizations I-O psychologists can guide organizations in measuring their eco-benefits and in promoting these benefits along with individual, team, and organizational performance. Humanitarian work psychology (HWP): the application of I-O psychology to humanitarian arena, especially poverty reduction and promotion of decent work, aligned with local stakeholders’ needs, and in partnership with global aid/development groups. Led by New Zealand I-O psychologist Stuart Carr, initial work in this field shows that I-O psychologists can make a difference in some of the major global problems of the 21st century.

SIOP as a Resource www.siop.org History of I-O psychology Membership information (including students) Quarterly newsletter: TIP JobNet SIOP Journal – I-O Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice Graduate training programs in I-O psychology List of SIOP publications

Common Areas of Concentration for I-O Psychologists Table 1.1

Common Job Titles for I-O Psychologists Table 1.2

Evidence-Based I-O Psychology I-O psychologists have become increasingly focused on making evidence-based decisions in their work in organizations This includes using a decision-making process that combines critical thinking with use of best available scientific evidence. I-O psychologists are well positioned to develop and utilize evidence-based practices as they have adopted the scientist-practitioner model to guide the field.

How This Course Can Help You Knowledge about 21st century workplace Course will address issues such as work stress, work-family balance, workplace discrimination, & leadership

Module 1.2: The past, present, and future of I-O Psychology The Past – Important Dates/Events in I-O Psychology The Present – Demographics and Career Paths Future Challenges to I-O Psychology

Titles of Research Articles in JAP (1917) Table 1.3

Titles of Research Articles in JAP (2008) Table 1.4

Brief History of I-O Psychology 1876-1930 Hugo Munsterburg, James McKeen Cattell, Walter Dill Scott, & Walter Van Dyke Bingham World War 1: Army Alpha & Army Beta Tests 1917 – First Ph.D. in Industrial Psychology awarded to Lillian Gilbreth Research in time & motion study → Human Engineering

Brief History of I-O Psychology (cont'd) 1930-1964 Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations Human relations movement Theories of motivation Emotional world of the worker Studies of job satisfaction WWII Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Title VII

Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Title VII Title VII specified demographic groups to be protected from employment discrimination Groups named in 1964 Race Color Gender National origin Religion 2 additional protected groups added later ADEA (age) 1967 ADA (disability) 1990

Important Dates in the Evolution of I-O Psychology Figure 1.1

Demographics of I-O Psychologists In 2000, I-O psychologists represented about 6% of all APA members In 2000, 30% of I-O psychologists in APA were women Average salaries: Ph.D. in I-O psychology: $90,000 Masters in I-O psychology: $67,000

Figure 1.2: Where I-O Psychologists are Employed

Preparing for a Career in I-O Psychology Education & training Getting into a graduate program Consideration of GPA & GRE score(s) Relevant coursework (e.g., statistics) More emphasis on coursework than major

Challenges to I-O in 21st Century I-O psychology needs to be: Relevant Useful Grounded in scientific method

Changes in the Workplace Since 1980 Personal computing Telecommuting & virtual teams Videoconferencing Providing a service vs. manufacturing “goods” Nature of work more fluid Teams vs. the individual Little stability Family-friendly workplaces Greater diversity Global workplace Milton Montenegro/Getty Images

Module 1.3: Multicultural & Cross-Cultural Issues in I-O Psychology Multiculturalism Culture defined System in which individuals share meaning & common ways of viewing events & objects Sharing of meanings & interpretations Royalty-Free/CORBIS

Cultural Determinants in the Workplace (Triandis) Figure 1.3 The Dynamic of Top-Down-Bottom-Up Processes across levels of culture

Multicultural Nature of Work in the 21st Century Why should multiculturalism be important to you? Why is multiculturalism important for I-O psychology? Issues surrounding the global economy, expatriates, & the “West vs. the Rest” mentality

Theory of Cultural Influence (Hofstede) Table 1.5 The Five Dimensions of Hofstede’s Theory of Culture

Figure 1.4: Cultural Differences among Countries (Hofstede, 1993)

Thoughts on Theories of Cultural Influence Triandis’ variation on Hofstede’s dimension of individualism/collectivism Horizontal cultures – those that minimize distances between individuals Vertical cultures – accept & depend on distances between individuals

Implications of Cultural Dimensions for HRM Table 1.6 The implications of Cultural Dimensions for HRM

Cultural Determinants in the Workplace (Triandis) Figure 1.5 Triandis’s View of Cultural Determinants in the Workplace

Module 1.4: Themes & Course Structure A) Unified Science B) Holistic Approach Parts of the book: Introduction Industrial Psychology Organizational Psychology Work Environment

Module 1.4 (cont’d) Resources Case study Paper (I-O Journals/Books) Electronic: I-O websites (e.g., www.siop.org) Case study Provides example of complexity of work behavior

Table 1.7: Scientific Journals in I-O Psychology

Table 1.8: Practical Texts in I-O Psychology