Cross-cultural Factorial Validity of the Cultural Learning Environment Questionnaire: the Application of CFA and EFA Arief Darmanegara Liem & Elizabeth Nair Dept. of Social Work and Psychology National University of Singapore Singapore Allan B. I. Bernardo Paulus Hidajat Prasetya Faculty of Education Faculty of Psychology De La Salle University Maranatha Christian University Manila – the Philippines Bandung - Indonesia

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 The C L E Q (Waldrip & Fisher, 2000) - Cultural Learning Environment Questionnaire - To assess culturally sensitive factors of the classroom learning environment (in Australia). - Hofstede’s cultural dimensions (individualism, masculinity- femininity, power distance, and uncertainty avoidance)

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th subscales (gender equity, collaboration, deference, competition, teacher authority, modeling, congruence) - 5 items for each subscale (altogether 35 items) - A five-point Likert scale ranging from 1(disagree) to 5 (agree) The C L E Q (Waldrip & Fisher, 2000)

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Examples of the CLEQ Items - Gender equity: “I feel that male students are just as capable as female students in all class activities.” - Collaboration: “I like working in groups.” - Deference: “I try to say what I think the teacher wants rather than give my own opinion.” - Competition: “I like to compete against the other students.”

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Examples of the CLEQ Items - Teacher Authority: “It is OK for me to argue with teachers.” - Modeling: “I like teachers to show me what to do.” - Congruence: “What I learn in school helps me to do things at home.”

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Aims of the study To examine cross- cultural factorial validity of the CLEQ. To propose tentative culture-specific sets of subscale for further usage.

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Participants 4 cultures: Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Australia. 230 year-9 and year-10 secondary students from each culture - Altogether 920 subjects. Male and female were equally represented in each sample.

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Participants Compositions of ethnic backgrounds Singapore : 230 (100%) Chinese. Philippines : 230 (100%) Filipinos. Indonesia : (88.70%) Native Indonesians - 26 (11.30%) Chinese Indonesians. Australia : (70.43%) European Australians - 68 (29.57%) Others.

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Data Analysis - 1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis or CFA was first used to test the measurement model of the CLEQ (7 factor oblique model). The goodness-of-fit indices (AGFI and SRMR) were evaluated for each cultural measurement model.

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Measurement Model 7 factor oblique model

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Result of CFA Measurement Model (7 factor oblique model) CultureAGFISRMR Singapore Indonesia Philippines Australia

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Data Analysis - 2 Two primary types of Exploratory Factor Analysis or EFA - Principal Component Analysis and Maximum Likelihood - were then performed for each cultural data set. Promax (oblique) rotational method was chosen and 7 factors were extracted.

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Result of PCA - Singapore

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Result of PCA - Indonesia

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Result of PCA – Philippines

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Result of PCA - Australia

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Cronbach  Internal Consistency Sub- scales SingaporeIndonesiaPhilippinesAustralia Gender Equity Collabo- ration Deference Compe- tition Teacher Authority Modeling Cong- ruence

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Summary of the findings Item def-24 - “It is important that I am able to answer all the questions teachers ask me.” Item def-31 - “It is important to me that I give the right answers to questions in class.” Both loaded together with the competition items in all cultures.

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Summary of the findings Deference and Modeling items intermixed. Singapore and Indonesia: 2 factors - teacher - conformity and classmate- conformity. Philippines: 2 factors – teacher- conformity and class members-conformity. Australia: a single factor – class members conformity.

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Summary of the findings Item col-23 - “It is important for me to be involved in class discussion.” - is problematic across cultures. Indonesia: Gender Equity items split into 2 factors teacher-gender equity and classmate- gender equity.

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Tentative new sets of subscales Items def-24 and def-31 may be included in the competition subscale (5 or 7 items). Deference and modeling subscales are substituted by - teacher- and classmate- conformity subscales (4 items each) for Singapore and Indonesia, - teacher-conformity (3 items) and class member-conformity subscale (4 items) for the Philippines, and - class members-conformity (8 items) for Australia.

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004 Tentative new sets of subscales Teacher Authority subscale (5 items) and Congruence subscale (5 items) remain the same. Item col-23 removed from the collaboration subscale. Gender equity subscale (5 items) remain the same, except for Indonesia – teacher- (3 items) and classmate-gender equity (2 items).

Cultural Learning Environment XVII IACCP - Xi’an, August 2 nd – 6 th 2004

Liem, A. D., Nair, E., Bernardo, A. B. I., & Prasetya, P. H. (2004). Cross-cultural Factorial Validity of the Cultural Learning Environment Questionnaire: the Application of CFA and EFA. Paper presented at the XVII IACCP, Xi’an, August 2 ND – 6 TH 2004