1 Origins of the Cold War Notes Angela Brown Chapter 26 Section 1

Learning Targets: 1. Explain why 1945 was a critical year in international relations and how it was followed by conflicting postwar goals. 2. Describe how the Soviet Union tightened its control over Eastern Europe. 3.Identify the iron curtain and how it led to containment policy and the Truman Doctrine. 2

– A Critical Year U.S. Soviet cooperation temporary during the war. Bad feelings remained from President Wilson’s support of anti-communists during the Russian Revolution U.S. did not legally recognize Soviet government until 1933.

4 05/thompson_2_6/wilson_homepage.htm Woodrow WilsonVladimir Lenin

5 Soviets disagreed with battle tactics and postwar plans and relations grew more tense after as the war drew to an end. Churchill understood this situation – FDR did not. He called Stalin “Uncle Joe” thinking he could handle him.

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7 Differences at Yalta Feb 1945 FDR, Stalin, Churchill met at Yalta. Divided Germany into four zones: America, Great Britain, France zones became West Germany – Soviet Zone became East Germany. Rejected Stalin’s request for $10 billion payment from Germany.

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9 FDR pressed Stalin to declare war on Japan. Poland historically an invasion route into Russia Stalin had occupied and opposed return of prewar government Meeting stalled until Stalin agreed on free elections. Disputes over Poland would continue to strain American – Soviet relations

10 The United Nations All agreed at Yalta on creation of United Nations (UN). – a new international peacekeeping organization League of Nations after WWI had failed without U.S. support – Congress supported the UN. April 1945 delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco to adopt Charter or statement of principles for UN.

11 Members would try to settle differences peacefully – stop wars from starting – end those that break out All members belong to UN general assembly. Representatives from 11 countries sit on Security Council. U.S., Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and China have permanent seats and veto over proposed policies.

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13 Truman Takes Command April 12, 1945 President Roosevelt died in Warm Springs Georgia – unexpected death shocked the nation Truman unprepared – Congress for 10 years – V-P just 82 days FDR had not involved him in major foreign policy discussions.

14 Little White House Harry S. Truman

15 Little White House

16 The Potsdam Conference July 1945 Truman’s first meeting with Stalin. Continued to debate issues that divided them at Yalta. Truman learned of atom bomb test and told Stalin hoping to intimidate him. Stalin already knew – spies – used a casual manner to hide his concern

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18 Conflicting Postwar Goals Truman scolded Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov for the Soviet Union’s failure to allow Polish elections. The American View Tensions over Poland illustrated differing views of the world. Economy strong/politically open world provided markets for U.S. products.

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20 The Soviet View Establish satellite nations, countries subject to Soviet domination, on the Western border of the Soviet Union – government would be friendly to communist goals. Stalin refused to cooperate with new agencies: the world bank and the International Monetary Fund = build strong capitalist economies

21 Soviets Tighten Their Hold Soviets gained control of Eastern European nations freed from Nazis. When Poland’s elections occurred two years later the Soviet-installed government had eliminated all political opposition.

22 Albania and Bulgaria Albania 1944 Soviet control Bulgaria entered 1944 – secured country by 1948

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24 Czechoslovakia 1946 Communist Candidate 40% in free election. Neighboring communist nations plotted to take power by replacing all non- communist police officers with party members Czechoslovakia a Soviet satellite nation

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26 Hungary and Romania Hungary Communist demanded control of police- arrested all anti-communist leaders = communist won new elections in 1947 Romania – Soviets forced King to name a communist Prime Minister = within two years the Prime Minister forced the King to resign

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28 East Germany Stalin determined Germans would never threaten his nation again. Established national control of all East German resources and installed a brutal totalitarian government Communist government became German Democratic Republic.

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30 Finland and Yugoslavia Finland signed a treaty of cooperation with the Soviets in Required Finland to remain neutral in foreign affairs but allowed it to manage its domestic affairs.

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33 Yugoslavia – communist gained control under dictator Josip Broz aka Tito Refused to take orders from Stalin who unsuccessfully tried to topple him in Next three decades ran own brand of communism relatively free from Soviet interference.

34 Josip Broz aka Tito

35 The Iron Curtain 1946 Stalin predicted triumph of communism over capitalism. Established Cominform Soviet agency intended to direct the activities of communist parties throughout the world. A month later, although defeated by Clement Attlee as Prime Minister, Churchill called on America to help keep Stalin from closing the Iron Curtain of Communism around any more nations.

36 http :// Potsdam Conference - July, 1945

37 These two speeches set the tone for the Cold War. Cold War continued for almost 50 years – until collapse of Soviet Union in Characterized by political, economic conflict and military tensions.

38 Rivalry stopped short of “hot” war – direct military engagement. U.S. military forces engaged in combat in other nations to defeat Soviet – supported uprisings and invasions.

39 Containment Policy of containment emerged from analysis of George Kennan, American diplomat stationed in Moscow. Policy recognized the possibility that Eastern Europe was already lost to communism. Called for U.S. to resist Soviet attempts to form communist government elsewhere in the world.

40 Critics saw containment too moderate – called for action to push communists out Kennan argued that the Soviet system “bears within it its own seeds of decay”. Containment became the cornerstone of Americas cold war policy.

41 Truman Doctrine Stalin wanted control of the Dardanelles, a narrow strait in Turkey with ports on the Black Sea allowing access to the Mediterranean. Civil War in Greece between Communists and prewar government. Great Britain announced in 1947 it could no longer afford aid to Greece and Turkey.

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44 Great Britain suggested the U.S. take over. Stated at that moment Great Britain “handed the job of world leadership, with all its burdens and all its glory, to the U.S. March 1947 in a speech before joint session of Congress Truman called on U.S. to take leadership role statement of principles known as Truman Doctrine

45 Congress approved $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey. U.S. establish military bases in both countries.

46 Truman Doctrine

47 Naming the New War April 16, 1947 Bernard Baruch named Cold War (President Advisor in speech to South Carolina legislature) He attributed it to Journalist Herbert Bayard Swope October 1945 used by George Orwell

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