13 CHAPTER Types of correctional institutions Compare and contrast prisons and jails Public and Private Prisons    CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Midterm Essays CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

There are 3 essays—you must complete ALL 3. Each essay should be 2-3 pages (double spaced) in length. You need to use at least 3 references and APA style. Use your own words with supportive paraphrases and/or quotations. The midterm essays are worth 100 points. Please include all three essays in ONE Word document. Make sure that you attach your essay when you make your submission in the dropbox. DUE DATE: End of Unit 5 CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Midterm Essays Grading Rubric Organization 15 points Content 60 points (20 each essay) Writing Style 15 points Format 10 points 100 Total CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

What are the differences between jails and prisons? Highlight and describe the major characteristics and purposes of a jail and prison. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

A prison is a state or federal confinement facility that has Prisons A prison is a state or federal confinement facility that has custodial authority over adults sentenced to confinement. The use of prisons as a place to serve punishment is a relatively new way to handle offenders. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Emergence of Prisons It is unknown when the first prison was established. Punitive imprisonment noted in Europe in the Middle Ages. American prisons began in the late 1700s. Early confinement facilities stressed reformation over punishment. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which factors help contribute to the swelling prison populations? CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

The “modern” American correctional system had its origin in what state? CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Roughly half of inmates are serving time for which type of crime? CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Roughly how many prison staff members are killed each year in our prisons? CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

What state in modern times reestablished chain gangs? CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

What is the most important security tool in a prison setting? CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

In determining an inmate custody level, what factors are considered by the classification/reception staff? CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

What is the just deserts model of corrections What is the just deserts model of corrections? Explain the pros and cons of this model. How has it led to an increased use of imprisonment and to prison overcrowding? CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

The “Just Deserts” Era 1995--present Based on the justice model. Emphasis on individual responsibility and punishment. Imprisonment is a proper consequence of criminal and irresponsible behavior. Chain gangs, “three-strikes,” and reduced parole. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prisons Today: Numbers and Types of Prisons Approximately 1,325 state prisons 84 federal prisons 482 state and federal prisoners per 100,000 population On January 1, 2004, state and federal prisons held 1,461,191 inmates. Slightly more than 6.9% of those imprisoned were women. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prisons Today: Sentences In state prisons: 49% are violent criminals 19% are property criminals 20% drug law violators In federal prisons: 61% are drug law violators CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prisons Today: Race The rate of imprisonment for African American males is nine times that of white males. Bureau of Justice Statistics states that a black male in America has a 32.3% lifetime chance of going to prison; white males have a 5.9% chance. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prisons Today The size of prisons vary. The typical state prison is small. It costs about $62 a day per inmate. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prisons Today: Typical System The typical state prison system has: 1 high security 1 or more medium security 1 for adult women 1 or 2 for young adults 1 or two specialized mental hospital- type security prisons 1 or more open-type institutions CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Overcrowded Prisons Overcrowding is a serious issue. Prison capacity—The size of the correctional population an institution can effectively hold. There are three types of prison capacity: Rated Operational Design Rhodes v. Chapman (1981)—Overcrowding is not by itself cruel and unusual punishment. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Identify the three main levels of prison security Identify the three main levels of prison security? Is there another level? CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sing Sing, Joliet and the” The Rock” are examples of what types of prison? CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Security Levels in State Prison Systems There are three security levels: Maximum Medium Minimum CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Maximum Security Most maximum security institutions tend to be massive old buildings with a large inmate population, including all death row inmates. They provide a high level of security with: High fences/walls of concrete Several barriers between living area Secure cells Armed guards Gun towers CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Medium Security Medium security prisons are similar in design to maximum security facilities; however, they: Usually have more windows. Tend to have barbed wire fences instead of large stone walls. Sometimes use dormitory style housing. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Medium Security Medium security prisons allow prisoners more freedom, such as: Associating with other prisoners Going to the prison yard or exercise room Visiting the library Showering and using bathroom facilities with less supervision An important security tool is the count. The process of counting inmates during the course of a day. Times are random, and all business stops until the count is verified. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Minimum Security In minimum security prisons: Housing tends to be dormitory style. Prisoners usually have freedom of movement within the facility. Work is done under general supervision only. Guards are unarmed, and gun towers do not exist. Fences, if they exist, are low and sometimes unlocked. “Counts” are usually not taken. Prisoners are sometimes allowed to wear their own clothes. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Prison Classification System Classification systems determine which custody level to assign an inmate to. Assignments are based on: Offense history Assessed dangerousness Perceived risk of escape Other factors Inmates may move among the security levels depending on their behavior. Internal classification systems determine placement and program assignment within an institution. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Flow of Activities in Prison Classification Systems Source: Adapted from Patricia L. Handyman et al. Internal Prison Classification Systems Case Studies in Their Development and Implementation (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Corrections, 2002) p. 3 CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Today’s Federal Prison System Today’s federal prison system consists of: 104 institutions 6 regional offices The Central office (headquarters) 2 staff training centers 28 community corrections offices At the start of 2004, there were approximately 162,000 prisoners (up from just over 24,000 in 1980). CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Federal Prison System The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) classifies its institutions according to five security levels. Administrative maximum (ADMAX) High security (U.S. penitentiaries) Medium security (federal correctional institutions) Low security (federal correctional institutions) Minimum security (federal prison camps) Additionally, there are administrative facilities, like metropolitan detention centers (MDCs) and medical centers for federal prisoners (MDFPs). CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Administrative Maximum (ADMAX) In 1995, the federal government opened its one and only ADMAX prison: Ultra-high security 575 bed capacity Inmates confined to cells 23 hours per day Inmates cannot associate with one another Only toughest 1% of federal prison population is confined there Holds mob bosses, spies, terrorists murderers, escape artists, etc. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

High Security—U.S. Penitentiaries There are 8 high security facilities, holding 10% of the federal prison population. Examples: Atlanta, GA Lewisburg, PA Terre Haute, IN Leavenworth, KS They are designed to prevent escapes and contain disturbances by using: Intense electronic surveillance Armed perimeter patrols. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Improvements Improvements to our nations prisons can be found in: Accreditation by the American Correctional Association’s (ACA) Training though the National Academy of Corrections CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Jails

Jails Original purpose—Short-term confinement of suspects following arrest and awaiting trial. Current use—Jails hold those convicted of misdemeanors and some felonies, as well as holding suspects following arrest and awaiting trial. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Jails Annually, 20 million people go to jail. In 2004, jails held 691,301 inmates. 12% women 6,869 juveniles 25% awaiting arraignment or trial More than 50% convicted offenders Jails also hold inmates who cannot fit in the overcrowded prisons. Jail authorities supervised another 71,371 inmates under certain community-based programs. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Jails There are 3,365 jails in the U.S. Most jails are small, designed to hold 50 or fewer inmates. Some jails are very big, like “mega-jails” in LA and NYC. 6% of all jails hold over 50% of all prisoners. There are 207,600 correctional officers. 3/1 inmate/staff ratio The average cost to jail a person for a year is $14,500. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Current Issues Facing Jails

Women and Jail Women face a number of special problems, including: Inadequate classification systems Lack of separate housing Low educational levels Substance abuse Pregnancy Motherhood Inadequate substantive medical programs CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Growth of Jails Many jails are old and overcrowded. By the end of 1980s, many jails were so overcrowded that court-ordered caps forced some early releases. At midyear 2004, occupancy was at: 94% rated capacity for jails serving more than 1000 inmates. 64% rated capacity in those with fewer than 50 inmates. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Direct Supervision Jails A new jail architecture and management strategy is called direct supervision. These jails: Use a system of pods or modular self-contained housing areas Have a more open environment, using Plexiglas instead of thick walls to separate areas Use softer furniture May use “rooms” instead of cells CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Benefits of Direct Supervision Jails Reduce inmate dissatisfaction Deter rape and violence Decrease suicide and escape attempts Eliminate barriers to staff-inmate interaction Give staff greater control Improve staff morale Reduce lawsuits CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

National efforts are underway to improve quality of jail life by: Future of Jails National efforts are underway to improve quality of jail life by: Adding critical programs for inmates Increasing jail industries Jail “boot camps” Creating regional jails Implementing jail standards CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

What are the three types of privatization within prisons and correctional institutions in the U.S.? CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

There are three types of privatization within prisons and correctional institutions in the US. The first involves contracting out food service, medical services, job training, alcohol and drug rehabilitation, and the like. The second involves publicly owned prisons, which contract out the management to a private firm. The final type of privatization involves fully privatized prisons—both owned and operated by a private firm—which contracts with governments for the care of prisoners. CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Privatization Private prisons can: The movement toward greater use of private prisons began in the 1980s. In 2004, private prisons held 5.7% of all state and 12.6% of all federal prisoners. Most states that use private prisons do so to supplement their own system. Private prisons can: Reduce overcrowding Lower operating expenses Avoid lawsuits CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Hurdles to Large-Scale Privatization Large scale privatization is hindered by: Laws prohibiting private sector involvement in correctional management Possibility of public employees striking Liability and other legal issues CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

NIJ Recommendations The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) recommends that those states that privatize corrections: Regularly survey former inmates about conditions Annually visit and inspect facilities Station state monitors inside large facilities Review all services before renewing contracts CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types Of Offenders *Local Awaiting trial/court date Non-convicted Intoxicated Short term convicted *State Those convicted of non federal crimes Drug offenders Sex offenders Murderers *Federal Those convicted of federal crimes Mail fraud Extortionists Bank robbers Some drug offenders Hardest to control from states CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Programming P Lacking Depend on volunteers Lack space, money, staff Larger jails more programs Varies from state to state Basics education, vocational More adequately funded Good variety of inmate programs Drug Education/GED Employment Life skills CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Staff Training Poor training Worst paid Getting better Starting to emphasize preservice/ inservice Better trained staff More money for training CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL By Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc.