Colonial Society On Eve of Revolution

Structure of Colonial Society 18 th century society very equal compared to Europe (except for slavery) Most Americans were small (“yeoman”) farmers “rags to riches”Most striking feature: opportunity for “rags to riches”

Yet compared to 17 th century, some barriers to mobility New social pyramid: –Top: Wealthy merchants, lawyers, clergy, officials joined large planters, aristocrats at top –2 nd : Lesser professional men –3 rd : Yeoman (own land) farmers, though farm sizes decreasing due to family increase, lack of new land Structure of Colonial Society 4 th : Lesser tradesmen, manual workers, hired hands 5 th : Indentured servants and “Jayle birds” convicts exiled to America by punitive English justice system 6 th : Black slaves – some attempts to halt imports for fear of rebellion

Workaday America 90% of population involved in agriculture ~ led to highest living standard in world history Fishing pursued in all colonies, major industry in New England ~ Stimulated shipbuilding Commerce successful, especially in New England ~ Triangular trade was very profitable

The Triangular Trade New England merchants gain access to slave trade in the early 1700sNew England merchants gain access to slave trade in the early 1700s 1.Rum brought to Africa, exchanges for slaves 2.Ships cross the Middle Passage, slaves trades in the West Indies. Disease, torture, malnourishment, death for slavesDisease, torture, malnourishment, death for slaves 3.Sugar brought to New England Other items trades across the Atlantic, with substantial profits from slavery making merchants richOther items trades across the Atlantic, with substantial profits from slavery making merchants rich

Workaday America Manufacturing was secondary: Lumbering most important, also rum, beaver hats, iron, spinning/weaving England reliant on American products (tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine) to build ships and maintain mastery of seas 1730s: growing American population demanded more English products

Workaday America However, English population did not need more imports from America: trade imbalance – Americans needed to find non-English markets for their goods Sending timber & food to French West Indies met need 1733: Parliament passes Molasses Act to end trade with French West Indies Americans responded by bribing and smuggling, foreshadow of revolt against government who threatened livelihood

Horsepower & Sailpower No roads connecting major cities until 1700, even then they were terrible Heavy reliance on waterways, where population clusters formed Taverns along travel routes: mingling of social classes Taverns also served as cradles of democracy, clearinghouse of information, hotbeds of agitation

Dominant Denominations Two denominations “established” (tax- supported): Anglican (GA, NC, SC, VA, MD, NY) & Congregational (New England except RI) Anglican church served as prop of royal authority Anglican church more worldly, secure, less zealous, clergy had poor reputation (College of William & Mary) Congregational church grew out of Puritan church, agitated for rebellion

Great Game of Politics 1775: 8 colonies had royal governors, 3 under proprietors (MD, PA, DE), and 2 under self- governing charters (CT, RI) Used bicameral legislatures – upper house (council) chosen by king, lower house by elections Self-taxation through elected legislatures was highly valued Conflicts between Governors & colonial assemblies: withheld governor’s salary to get what they wanted, had power of purse

Great Game of Politics 1775: all colonies had property requirements for voting, office holding Upper classes afraid to give vote to “every biped of the forest,” ½ adult white males had vote Not true democracy, but more so than England

Colonial Folkways Mid-1700s similarities of colonies: –English in language/customs –Protestant –Some ethnic/religious tolerance –Unusual social mobility –Some self-government –3,000-mile moat separated them from England

The First Great Awakening (1730s- 1760) The First Great Awakening is often described as the response of devout people to the Enlightenment The Enlightenment was a European intellectual movement that: –Emphasized rationalism over emotionalism or spirituality –Analyzed nature in order to determine laws governing the universe

 The Great Awakening was a spiritual renewal that swept the American Colonies, particularly New England, during the first half of the 18th Century. It began in England before catching fire across the Atlantic.  Unlike the somber, largely Puritan spirituality of the early 1700s, the revivalism ushered in by the Awakening brought people back to "spiritual life" as they felt a greater intimacy with God.

The Great Awakening Began in Mass. with Jonathan Edwards (regarded as greatest American theologian) –Rejected salvation by works, affirmed need for complete dependence on grace of God (“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”) Orator George Whitefield followed, touring colonies, led revivals, countless conversions, inspired imitators George Whitefield Jonathan Edwards

 Harvard, 1636—First colonial college; trained candidates for ministry  College of William and Mary, 1694 (Anglican)  Yale, 1701 (Congregational)  Great Awakening  Great Awakening influences creation of 5 new colleges in mid-1700s Princeton  College of New Jersey (Princeton), 1746 (Presbyterian) Columbia  King’s College (Columbia), 1754 (Anglican) Brown  Rhode Island College (Brown), 1764 (Baptist) Rutgers  Queens College (Rutgers), 1766 (Dutch Reformed)  Dartmouth College  Dartmouth College, 1769, (Congregational) Higher Education

New colleges founded after the Great Awakening.

The colonist who came to typify Enlightenment ideals in America was the self-made and self-educated man, Ben Franklin. Franklin was a printer’s apprentice who, through his own ingenuity and hard work, became a wealthy printer and a successful and respected intellectual.

His Poor Richard’s Almanack was extremely popular and remains influential to this day. He invented bifocals, the lightening rod, and the Franklin stove, and he founded the colonies’ first fire department and first public library. He espoused Enlightenment ideals about education, government, and religion. Toward the end of his life, he served as an ambassador in Europe, where he negotiated a crucial alliance with the French, and later, the peace treaty that ended the Revolutionary War.