ENERGY MANAGEMENT

A combined design and management function which embraces the disciplines of engineering mathematics accounting operations research software engineering environmental management

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

Measure

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyse

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise Generate Options

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise Generate Options Evaluate Options

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise Generate Options Optimise Evaluate Options

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise Generate Options ModifyOptimise Evaluate Options

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise Control Generate Options ModifyOptimise Evaluate Options

THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT FUNCTION MeasureAnalyseCriticise Control Generate Options ModifyOptimise Evaluate Options REVIEW

ENERGY ACCOUNT A balance sheet of energy INPUTS OUTPUTS THROUGHPUTS flowing through a site boundary

The INPUT side

The OUTPUT side details the ultimate energy rejection to the external environment via heat transmission through the building fabric heat lost to ventilating air flue gas losses

The THROUGHPUTS What happens inside the building may require microaudits or energy balances over individual items of plant and equipment: furnaces, boilers, refrigerators, compressors, etc. to ascertain efficiencies and to quantify sundry gains

Energy Audit

Fuel Energy Audit

Fuel Combustion Stack Loss Energy Audit

Fuel Combustion Boiler Stack Loss Energy Audit

Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution Stack Loss Distribution Loss Energy Audit

Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution People Stack Loss Distribution Loss Energy Audit

Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution People Lights Stack Loss Distribution Loss Energy Audit

Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution People Lights Power Stack Loss Distribution Loss Energy Audit

Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution People Lights Power Processes Stack Loss Distribution Loss Energy Audit

Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution People Lights Power Processes Stack Loss Distribution Loss Electricity Energy Audit

Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution People Lights Power Processes Stack Loss Distribution Loss Electricity Fuels Fuel Food Energy Audit

Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution Sundry Gains People Lights Power Processes Stack Loss Distribution Loss Electricity Fuels Fuel Food Energy Audit

Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution Space Heat Delivered Sundry Gains People Lights Power Processes Direct Reject Stack Loss Distribution Loss Electricity Fuels Fuel Food Energy Audit

Fuel Combustion Boiler Distribution Space Heat Delivered Sundry Gains People Lights Power Processes Direct Reject Stack Loss Ventilation Fabric Transmission Distribution Loss Electricity Fuels Fuel Food Energy Audit

Equation

Fuel Energy Input = Energy losses during combustion + Energy losses during conversion + Energy losses during distribution + Energy losses during utilisation + Energy losses from utilisation

For a heated building, INPUT side Heating fuel energy input + Sundry gains from electricity + Sundry gains from people + Sundry gains from directly-fired process plant and equipment - Sundry losses to cold plant

For a heated building, OUTPUT side = Energy losses in flue gases + Energy losses during conversion + Energy losses from external distribution pipelines + Energy losses via fabric transmission + Energy losses in ventilating air + Energy losses in process materials directly rejected to the external environment

Heat Loss = Fabric Transmission Losses +Ventilation Losses

Heat Loss (W) = U A DT + m c p DT U = Overall U-value (W/m 2 K) A = Area for heat loss (m 2 ) m = Ventilating Air (kg/s) c p = specific heat of air (J/kg K) DT= Temperature difference between inside and outside ( o C)

Mean Annual Heat Loss (W) = U A DT + m c p DT m = Ventilating Air (kg/s) = number of air changes per second (1/s) x building volume, V (m 3 ) x density of air, r (kg/m 3 )

Mean Annual Heat Loss (W) = U A DT + m c p DT m = Ventilating Air (kg/s) = number of air changes per hour, n (1/hr) x hours/second (1/3600) x building volume,V (m 3 ) x density of air, r (1.2 kg/m 3 )

Heat Loss (W) = U A DT + m c p DT c p = specific heat of air (= 1000 J/kg K))

Heat Loss (W) = U A DT + m c p DT = U A DT + (r V n/3600) c p DT = U A DT + (1.2 V n/3600) x 1000 DT = U A DT + (V n/3) DT = (U A + nV/3) DT

Fuel Burnt by Boiler (W) = ((U A + nV/3) DT) / h where h is the boiler efficiency (%) expressed as a fraction

Annual Heat Loss (kWh/annum) = (U A + nV/3) DT x heating hours per annum/1000 where DT = mean annual temperature difference between inside and outside ( o C)

Monthly Heat Loss (kWh/month) = (U A + nV/3) DT x heating hours per month/1000 where DT = mean monthly temperature difference between inside and outside ( o C)

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ENERGY OUT ENERGY AUDIT ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ENERGY OUT ENERGY AUDIT ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterns environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT Internal Data

OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data

COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel DataExternal Data

TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES External Data

DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES External Data

CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES

EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

ENERGY IN

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

ENERGY OUT

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ENERGY OUT ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

ENERGY AUDIT

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ENERGY OUT ENERGY AUDIT ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ENERGY OUT ENERGY AUDIT ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

OBTAIN DESCRIPTION OF PREMISES purpose and function number of occupants occupational patterms environmental temperatures environmental humidities lighting levels ventilation requirements plans and details of construction heating and cooling system details FLOW CHART FOR AN ENERGY AUDIT COMPILE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS degree-day data outside air temperatures and humidities wind speeds solar data building orientation OBTAIN ENERGY ACCOUNTS COLLATE ACCOUNTS AND CONVERT TO COMMON UNITS Internal DataFuel Data TRACE ENERGY RELEASE SYSTEMS AND ESTIMATE OR MEASURE EFFICIENCIES DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES ENERGY IN External Data CARRY OUT SITE SURVEY ESTIMATE U-VALUES AND AREAS VENTILATION RATES EXHAUST AIR TEMPERATURES ENERGY OUT ENERGY AUDIT ASCERTAIN SUNDRY GAINS EXAMINE PROCESS LOSSES OR GAINS

ENERGY AUDIT

Energy Audit

kWh./annum, £/annum

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Fuel Energy

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Energy ReleaseFuel Energy

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Space Heating Heat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Sundry Gains Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Sundry Gains Electricity Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Lights, Power, Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Electricity Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Lights, Power, Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Electricity Electrical Space Heating Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Lights, Power, Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Electricity Air compressors Electrical Space Heating Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Lights, Power, Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Electricity Air compressors Electrical Space Heating Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered Compressor Loss Compressed Air

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Lights, Power, Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Electricity Air compressors Electrical Space Heating Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered Compressor Loss Compressed Air Ventilation Fabric Transmission

Energy Audit kWh./annum, £/annum Conversion LossesEnergy ReleaseFuel Energy DistributionDistribution Losses Processes People Lights, Power, Processes Sundry Gains Direct Reject Electricity Air compressors Electrical Space Heating Direct Reject Space Heating Heat Delivered Compressor Loss Compressed Air Ventilation Fabric Transmission