The Romantic Period 1785-1830

Monarchies and Empires

France: The House of Bourbon

France: The House of Bourbon Bourbon Dynasty 1643 - 1715   Louis XIV (the Sun King) 1715 - 1774   Louis XV (the Beloved) 1774 - 1792   Louis XVI First Republic 1792-1804 [Louis XVII] Bonaparte Dynasty First Empire 1804-1815 Napoleon Bourbon Dynasty Restored 1815-1824 Louis XVIII Bourbon Dynasty 1589 - 1610   Henry IV 1610 - 1643   Louis XIII 1643 - 1715   Louis XIV (the Sun King) 1715 - 1774   Louis XV 1774 - 1792   Louis XVI First Republic 1792-1804 1792 - 1795   National Convention 1795 - 1799   Directory 1799 - 1804   Consulate First Empire 1804-1815 1804 - 1814   Napoleon I 1814 - 1815   Louis XVIII (king) 1815             Napoleon I (2nd time) Bourbons (restored) 1814 - 1824   Louis XVIII 1824 - 1830   Charles X

Spain: The House of Bourbon

Russia: The Romanovs

England: The House of Hanover

ROMANTIC REVOLUTIONS

American Revolution 1775-1783 1763: Britain began to impose taxes upon the colonies which were viewed as illegal Broad intellectual and social shifts republican ideals: liberty and rights as central values, makes the people as a whole sovereign, rejects aristocracy and inherited political power, expects citizens to be independent and calls on them to perform civic duties, and is strongly opposed to corruption. liberal democracy: representative democracy (with free and fair elections) along with the protection of minorities, the rule of law, a separation of powers, and protection of liberties (thus the name liberal) of speech, assembly, religion, and property. Colonies’ alliance with France 1776: Declaration of Independence 1787: Constitution and Bill of Rights

Quaker Met Ben Franklin in London – who advised him to move to America 1776: Common Sense: attacked British monarchy and argued for American independence 1787: Returned to Britain 1791: The Rights of Man: proposed universal male suffrage, progressive taxes, family allowances, old age pensions, maternity grants and abolition of House of Lords 1792: Became a French citizen and elected to National Convention – opposed execution of Louis XVI 1794: Age of Reason: questioned truth of Old Testament and Christianity 1802: returned to America Tom Paine 1737-1809 Auguste Milliere, Thomas Paine National Portrait Gallery, London

French Revolution and Napoleon 1789-1815 1789: Fall of Bastille and Declaration of the Rights of Man 1792: September Massacres of imprisoned nobility 1793: The Reign of Terror Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette France declared war against Britain 1794: Fall of Robespierre 1804: Napoleon crowned Emperor of France 1815: Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo

Jean-Pierre Louis Laurent Houel (1735-1813), Prise de la Bastille ("The storm of the Bastille").

Eugene Delacroix Liberty Leading the People

Images of Napoleon By Jacques Louis David 1812: Napoleon in his study 1797:The Young General Images of Napoleon By Jacques Louis David 1800: Napoleon at St. Bernard 1804: The coronation

Jacques Louis David, 1805-07 The coronation of the Emperor Napoleon I

Edmund Burke 1729-97 Anglo-Irish statesman and philosopher 1756: A Vindication of Natural Society: A View of the Miseries and Evils Arising to Mankind: treatise on anarchy 1757: A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful: treatise on aesthetics 1765-94: Whig member of House of Commons Opposed absolute monarchy and supported American colonies against the king 1790: Reflections on the Revolution in France: saw French Revolution as a violent rebellion against tradition which would end in disaster. Joshua Reynolds, Edmund Burke Scottish National Portrait Gallery

Professional writer, philosopher and feminist 1790: Vindication of the Rights of Men: response to Burke in defense of the ideals of the French Revolution 1792: A Vindication of the Rights of Women 1794: An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution 1796: Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark 1797: married William Godwin Died of childbirth fever 1798: William Godwin published Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-97

Official British Reaction to the French Revolution Curtailment of civil liberties and harsh repression suspension of the writ of habeus corpus advocates of political change charged with treason 1791: Rejection of a bill to abolish the slave trade 1793: declaration of war against France

William Sadler, The Battle of Waterloo Napoleonic Wars 1805-1815 William Sadler, The Battle of Waterloo

Industrial Revolution Power-driven machinery replaced hand labor 1765: James Watt – the steam engine Industry moved from homes and workshops to factories Population moved from agricultural countryside to industrial cities Enclosure of “commons” into privately owned estates Laissez faire economic policy – free operation of economic laws –governmental non-interference 1776: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

CLASSICISM vs. ROMANTICISM

Neo-Classicism vs Romanticism Greek/Roman influence Emphasis on Society Age of Reason Rationality Philosophy Deism Euro-centric Cities Enlightenment Science Medieval/Oriental influence Emphasis on Individual Age of Passion Emotion Imagination Spirituality Interest in the Exotic Nature: pastoral and wild Revolution Social Justice

NATURE Neo-Classical Romantic Universal Subject to human control Gardens Source of peace and tranquillity Untamed nature: dangerous/evil Particular Beyond human control Mountains, oceans, forests Source of inspiration and spirituality Untamed nature: exhilarating/sublime

Gainsborough, St James Park

Friedrich, Solitary Tree

LOVE Neo-Classical Romantic Universal Subject to human control Marriage Social Contract Economic Contract Attraction between social and intellectual equals Source of peace and tranquillity Particular Beyond human control Passion Individual choice Search for soul-mate Forbidden attractions: social, exotic, incestual Source of inspiration, exhilaration and despair

Gaspar Netscher A Musical Evening

Caspar David Friedrich, Woman at Sunrise

William Blake The Enslavement of Experience The Transcendance of Imagination

Louis Michel van Loo Portrait of Diderot Neo-Classical Artist Social Arbiter of Taste Elitist Moral Intellectual Critic Louis Michel van Loo Portrait of Diderot

Romantic Artist Loner Unconventional Amoral Genius Prophet George Gordon Lord Byron

Lyric Poetry Search for an authentic language of feeling rather than artifice Wordsworth: “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility” 1st person voice of the poem – during this period usually associated with the poet – sometimes biographical and confessional Revived older poetic forms: blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter the sonnet the ballad the ode

Keats Coleridge The Poet as Rock Star Shelley Byron Wordsworth

Leopardi Heine The Poet as Rock Star Pushkin Novalis

Romantic Prose Genres Literary criticism The Novel Historical novels Novels of manners Novels of sensibility Gothic novels Autobiography

Literary Criticism Literary critics became the arbiters of taste Debate over the artistic value as well as the utilitarian value of critical literature 1802: Edinburgh Review 1809: Quarterly Review Thomas DeQuincy William Hazlitt Charles Lamb Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Historical Novels Novels that reconstruct a past age, often when two cultures are in conflict Fictional characters interact with with historical figures in actual events Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) is considered the father of the historical novel: The Waverly Novels (1814-1819) and Ivanhoe (1819)

Jane Austen and the Novel of Manners Novels dominated by the customs, manners, conventional behavior and habits of a particular social class Often concerned with courtship and marriage Realistic and sometimes satiric Focus on domestic society rather than the larger world Other novelists of manners: Anthony Trollope, Edith Wharton, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Margaret Drabble

Novels of Sentiment Novels in which the characters, and thus the readers, have a heightened emotional response to events Connected to emerging Romantic movement Laurence Sterne (1713-1768): Tristam Shandy (1760-67) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832): The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) Francois Rene de Chateaubriand (1768-1848): Atala (1801) and Rene (1802) The Brontës: Anne Brontë Agnes Grey (1847) Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights (1847), Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre (1847) Laurence Sterne by Sir Joshua Reynolds

The Brontës Charlotte (1816-55), Emily (1818-48), Anne (1820-49) Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre transcend sentiment into myth-making Wuthering Heights plumbs the psychic unconscious in a search for wholeness, while Jane Eyre narrates the female quest for individuation Brontë.info: website of Brontë Society and Haworth Parsonage The Victorian Web portrait by Branwell Brontë of his sisters, Anne, Emily, and Charlotte (c. 1834)

Gothic Novels Novels characterized by magic, mystery and horror Exotic settings – medieval, Oriental, etc. Originated with Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto (1764) William Beckford: Vathek, An Arabian Tale (1786) Anne Radcliffe: 5 novels (1789-97) including The Mysteries of Udolpho Widely popular genre throughout Europe and America: Charles Brockden Brown’s Wieland (1798) Contemporary Gothic novelists include Anne Rice and Stephen King

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley 1797-1851 Inspired by a dream in reaction to a challenge to write a ghost story Published in 1817 (rev. ed. 1831) A Gothic novel influenced by Promethean myth The first science fiction novel

Autobiography The term was first used by the poet Robert Southey in 1809 in the English periodical Quarterly Review Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Confessions (1781-88) Dorothy Wordsworth, The Grasmere Journals (1799+) Thomas De Quincey, Confessions of an Opium Eater, 1822 Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of rederick Douglass, An American Slave, (1845)