Chap.17 Animal Personalities 鄭先祐 (Ayo) 教授 國立台南大學 環境與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系 環境生態研究所 + 生態旅遊研究所

Ayo 2010 Ethology2 Animal personalities  Boldness and shyness  Bold and shy pumpkinseeds  Guppies, boldness, and predator inspection  Some case studies  Coping styles ( 面對的作風 )  Some practical applications of animal personality research  Predators and domesticated prey  Guide dog personalities

Ayo 2010 Ethology3 Personalities ( 個性 )  Coping styles  Behavioral syndromes  Temperaments ( 氣質 )  Game theory model of the Producers-scroungers ( 行乞者 ) scenario (Fig. 17.1)  (A) hypothetical payoff to producers and scroungers as a function of group composition, and  (B) the ESS, given the payoffs in A.

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5 Suppose a model predicts an equilibrium of 75% producers and 25% scroungers. This can occur by either (A) having 75% of the individuals play producer and 25% of the individuals play scrounger, or (B) having individuals act as producers 75% of the time and as scrounger 25% of the time.

Ayo 2010 Ethology6 Boldness and shyness  Boldness usually refers to the tendency to take risks in both familiar and unfamiliar situations while shyness refers to the reluctance to take such risks.  Bold and shy pumpkinseed sunfish (Fig. 17.3)  Pumpkinseed sunfish have been studied extensively in order to understand the evolution of boldness and shyness.  Experimental set-up to study bold and shy fish (Fig. 17.4)

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8 To examine boldness and shyness in pumpkinseed sunfish, David Sloan Wilson and his colleagues used two different experimental techniques. In one, a large seine was dragged through a pond; in the other underwater trap were used to capture fish.

Ayo 2010 Ethology9 Two techniques were used to capture pumpkinseed sunfish: trapping, which caught the boldest fish, and seining, which caught a mixture of bold and shy fish, Once brought into the lab, trapped fish acclimated to feeding more quickly than seined fish.

Ayo 2010 Ethology10 Guppies, boldness, and predator inspection  Individual guppies differ in their tendency to inspect a predator, but variability of inspection behavior in a particular individual is relatively low  Both inspectors and non-inspectors are consistent in their behavior when predators are present.  Fig variation in risk taking.  Guppies are ranked by their risk-taking scores during predator inspection. Significant differences in boldness exist between individuals, but fish were fairly consistent in their risk-taking tendencies over time.

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Ayo 2010 Ethology12 (A) When observed by females, brightly colored males inspected a predator more often than did drab males. The difference disappears if the predator is removed from his tank. (B) The difference between colorful and drab males in term of boldness exists only when female guppies are observing males.

Ayo 2010 Ethology13 (C) When color and boldness are experimentally decoupled in male guppies, females prefer bolder individuals, regardless of color.

Ayo 2010 Ethology14 (D) To experimentally decouple boldness and color pattern in guppies, a motorized pulley system was built. Using this system, either colorful or drab males could be made bold by placing them in a small tube that was moved back and forth. The orange arrow indicates that the female preferred the bolder male as a mate.

Ayo 2010 Ethology15 Some case studies 1.Hyena personalities 2.Octopus and squid personalities 3.Ruff ( 流蘇鷸 ) satellites 4.Natural selection and personality in Great tit birds 5.Chimpanzee personalities and cultural transmission

Ayo 2010 Ethology16 Forty-four personality traits in spotted hyenas. A detailed analysis revealed that hyena personalities are most easily understood in terms of assertiveness ( 自信 ), excitability( 易激動性 ), human-directed agreeableness, sociability, and curiosity.

Ayo 2010 Ethology17 數值有誤，首位 2 ，是誤值，修正為 -

Ayo 2010 Ethology18 順從的 虛假的 數值有誤，首位 2 ，是誤值，修正為 -

Ayo 2010 Ethology19 Octopus personalities  Mather and Anderson tested the response of 41-year-old Octopus rubescen to three different treatments that were labeled alert, threat, and feed.  In the alert treatment, an experimenter opened the lid to an octopus tank, and brought her head down to where the octopus could see it. The threat treatment involved using a brush to touch, and presumably frighten, an octopus, and the food treatment recorded an octopus ’ s response when a food item was put into its tank.  Three dimensions (PCA) (Table 17.2)

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Ayo 2010 Ethology22 Octopus personalities  The three components underlying octopus personality are quite similar to those documented in human infant development, as well as in rhesus monkey personality.

Ayo 2010 Ethology23 Ruff satellites  Males: independent males vs. satellites  They may be primarily due to genetic variance at a single locus and so we consider independent and satellite as two different types of ruff personality.  Fig two types of ruffs. The dark male is an independent territory holder, while the white male is a nonterritorial satellite male.  The independent resident male benefits from having a satellite on his territory because females prefer to visit and mat on co-occupied courts.  Visiting females may mate with the satellite.

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Ayo 2010 Ethology25 Hormones, heritability, and ruff personalities  Fig  Females with known pedigree.  When females have testosterone experimentally implanted.  (A) those from “ independent ” fathers display independent male-like behaviors to a much greater degree than do (B) those from “ satellite ” fathers.

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Ayo 2010 Ethology28 Natural selection and personality in Great tit birds (Fig )  “Fast” birds quickly approach novel objects and explore new environments in a rapid manner, spending relatively short periods in any particular area.  These birds also aggressive, and once they develop a food-searching pattern, they are unlikely to change that pattern.  “slow” birds are reluctant to approach novel objects, vary their foraging routine often.. (Fig )

Ayo 2010 Ethology29 In great tit birds, two personality types, fast and slow, appear to exist. Fast individuals approach novel objects quickly and spend little time with them. Slow individuals approach novel objects more reluctantly, but learn more about such items.

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Ayo 2010 Ethology31 Chimpanzee personalities and cultural transmission  A list of 65 behaviors that qualified as “cultural variants” that were almost certainly spread by imitation.  Of these 65 behaviors, 39 were present at some sites, but completely absent at others.  Relatively stable innovative behavior patterns being spread within each group, but across groups you would observe very different suites of behaviors being used.

Ayo 2010 Ethology32 Chimpanzee personalities and cultural transmission Chimpanzees (A) groom while touching their hands above their heads, and (B) use leaves as sponges to get water out of tree trunks or out of shallow puddles.

Ayo 2010 Ethology33 Coping styles ( 面對的作風 )  Proactive: active response  Reactive: the conservation-withdrawal response  Proactive personality type is characterized by territorial control and aggression,  The reactive style is characterized by immobility and low levels of aggression.  Table 17.3 coping styles  A single plus indicates a single-parameter study; two pluses indicate a multi- parameter study.

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Ayo 2010 Ethology35 A summary of the behavioral differences between proactive and reactive male rats and mice.

Ayo 2010 Ethology36 (A) Proactive mice and rats tend to be territorial and aggressive, while (B) reactive mice and rats tend to be timid ( 膽小的 ) and become immobile or hide when threatened.

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