The Kurds by Hakan Özoğlu

Problems of defining an ethnic group? “People without a country” If there were no America, would there be Americans? Is there any ethnic “essence” in every human defining their characteristics? Is ethnicity learned? The role of geography/climate in flow of history.

Location Today most Kurds live in the mountains of Eastern Turkey (Taurus Mountains) and Northwestern Iran (Zagros Mountains). Many reside in Iraq, Syria, and Armenia as well.

Population The following is only the estimates. We do not have exact numbers. Turkey=12-15 million Iran=6-7 million Iraq=5-6 million Syria=1.5-2 million Armenia=42,000 Azerbaijan=150-200K Europe= 1.5-2 million Total= Around 30-35 million (some claim as many as 50 millilon) Approximately 2/3 of the Kurds live in Turkey..

Language The Kurdish languages belong to the northwestern sub‑group of the Iranian languages, which in turn belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. Most Kurds are either bilingual or multilingual, speaking Arabic, Persian or Turkish.

Kurdish Dialects The Kurmanji dialect group. The Sorani dialect group. sub-dialects: Kirmanshahi/Feyli Laki Gorani Zazaki Some consider Zaza to be a separate language.

Religion Mainly Sunni, some Shia Alevis in Turkey Ahl-i Haqq Yazidis Jewish Kurds (200K) Christians

Geography/Topography The traditional Kurdish land is typically mountainous and referred to by many as “uninhabitable.” The Kurds have become settled agrarian peoples by forced assimilation into modern countries—they were mostly nomadic previously. Mountain dwelling had advantages and disadvantages: Isolation from settled cultures Assimilation

Climate characterized by extreme conditions, with large temperature differences between day and night and between winter and summer. has two patterns; semiarid and summer-dry. The temperature in winter drops below -35 ºC whereas in summer rises as high as 45 ºC. Variations in elevation create vast differences in climate.

History When do we see the name “Kurd” in historical records? Origin of the Kurds? How reliable are the “origin of an ethnic group” stories? Kurds claim descent from the ancient “Medes” circa 7-6 centuries BCE.

There are other “territory based” assumptions about the Kurds. Kardouchi Cyrtii

Arab travelers More reliable information comes from the Arab invasion of the region in the 7th century CE. “Mountain people” But origin of the word is unknown…

The earliest record of the Kurds, written by a Kurd comes from the 16th century. Sharafnama Later, we have much information about Kurds especially under the Ottoman and Persian empires.

Emergence of Kurdish nationalism Kurdish rebellions of the 19th century World War I and the Kurds Division of Kurdish territories into Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey

Kurds in Turkey Endured long discrimination Suppression of Kurdish identity Recently major changes in Kurdish policy Acceptance of “Kurdish reality” Kurds in the parliament Language, publication, TV stations War against the PKK

Kurds in Iraq 17 % of the Iraqi population After WWI, they were forced to stay with Iraq, in exchange for cultural autonomy Broken promises and first Berzenji than Barzani rebellions “Halabja Massacre” in 1988

Iraqi Kurdish Civil War involved two Kurdish factions KDP and PUK Took place in the mid 1990s and 5K people from both side lost their lives. In 1998 Barzani and Talabani signed a US mediated agreement

In 1992, Kurds began self-governing as KRG After the fall of Saddam in 2003, the KRG grew in influence signing oil deals with international corporations. Currently Massoud Barzani, the President of the autonomous region.

Kurds in Iran Kurds are 7-9 % of Iran’s overall population. Mostly Shia In 1946, the “Mahabad Experience”

1990s KDPI insurgency Insurrection by the KDPI took place in Iranian Kurdistan through early and mid-90s, initiated by assassination of its leader in exile in July 1989. The insurrection ended in 1996, as KDPI announced a unilateral cease fire.

PJAK insurrection PJAK is based in the border area with Iraqi Kurdistan and is affiliated with the PKK (in Turkey). Its goal is an establishment of a Kurdish autonomy in Iran. Ceasefire signed in 2011

Kurds in Syria 9% of Syria's population, the largest ethnic minority in Syria. mostly concentrated in the northeast and the north, but there are also significant Kurdish populations in Aleppo and Damascus. Previously, denied citizenship to 300K Kurds, but in 2011, they received their citizenship.

Kurdish evolved into armed clashes after the opposition Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD) and Kurdish National Council (KNC) signed a cooperation agreement on 12 July 2012 that created the Kurdish Supreme Committee as the governing body of all Kurdish controlled areas. Under this, the Popular Protection Units (YPG) were created to control the Kurdish inhabited areas in Syria.