The Old World’s Fascination with Abnormality: Trephining/Trepanning Evidence of trephining found all over the ancient world: Ancient Egypt Far and Middle East India Aztecs, Inca Brazilian tribes South Seas North and Equatorial Africa drilling holes into the brain to release “something” – evil spirits, etc Used to “cure” mental illness

Medieval thru Renaissance Emergence of science Emergence of humanism Thinking transitioned from god/spirit centered to human centered Grünewald’s The Temptation of St. Anthony Human qualities of temptation and evil

John Locke 1632-1704 Empiricism Knowledge based on sensations and reflection Tabula Rasa argues _________ over ___________ Nurture over nature

Charles Darwin The Origin of Species Natural Selection - ? Diversity of life thru proposed evolutionary processes Natural Selection - ? What is natural selection? – the principle that among a range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

When Did Psychological Science Begin? 1879 – University of Leipzig, Germany Wilhelm Wundt – Wilhelm Wundt - created the first university lab for study in psychology

Edward Titchener Student of Wundt Introduced structuralism Early school of thought that used introspection to explore structural elements of human minds

Issues with STRUCTURALISM Requires smart verbal people (bias?) Unreliable because results, like experiences, vary from person to person No way to standardize it People’s recollections of actual events frequently err Boston Massacre

William James Consider the functions of our feelings and thoughts Functionalism: Heavily influenced by Darwin (adaptive nature of functionalism) Responsible for introducing psychology to the educated public (bias?) how our mental and behavioral processes function, how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish Explore emotions, memories, willpower, etc

William James 1842-1943 Add to your notes his famous work: Principles of Psychology

Mary Whiton Calkins Interesting sociological story Early female psychology pioneer Refused PhD First APA female president - 1905

Margaret Floy Washburn First PhD in psychology held by a woman Second female to become APA president

Beverly Inez Prosser First African American woman PhD Feminist theory

How Psychological Science has Developed Early Days – Wundt, Titchener, James Transition to Freud 1920’s psych = mental life Early Days – Wundt, Titchener, James Introspection, inner sensations, feelings and emotions based Transition to Freud Emotional responses to childhood experiences and how our unconscious thought processes affect behavior

1920-1960’s Shift from mental to behavior focused Record rates of how people’s behavior changes as they respond to different situations Watson, Skinner

1880’s-1950’s Age of the Lobotomy Age of the Lobotomy

Humanistic Psychology Around the same time – humanistic psych will rebel against Freudian psychology and behaviorism Humanistic psychology: Rogers, Maslow Humanistic psychology: emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth

1960’s – The Cognitive Revolution Cognitive Neuroscience – study of brain activity linked with mental activity Perception, thinking, memory, language Hugely important to treatment and understanding new ways to treat things like depression, OCD, etc

What is Psychology? There are fads, shifts, and transitions with no clear defined sense of science as it is ever changing Loosely – psychology can be defined as: the science of behavior AND mental processes

Max Wertheimer 1842-1910 Gestalt Psychology (gestalt =German for a form or a whole) Emphasizes human tendency to integrate pieces of information to meaningful wholes

Names and Famous Milestones to Know Galileo – method of inquiry (transition to human-centered) Broca – French, discovers left area of frontal lobe in charge of language (called Broca’s area) G Stanley Hall – adolescence Hermann Ebbinghaus – forgetting curve/memory Titchener – structuralism (introspection) Sigmund Freud – psychoanalysis Wertheimer and Koffka – Gestalists Galen – first biochemist in the field Ivan Pavlov – conditioning (dog drool) Watson - behaviorist

Approaches to Psychology: The Big 5 Behavioral Humanist Biological Psychodynamic Cognitive Two newer approaches: 6. Sociocultural 7. Evolutionary/sociobiological

Approaches to Psychology Why do people do that? Why do people behave that way? These are the 2 questions we are going to be answering per approach… keep them in mind!

BIOLOGICAL/NEUROBIOLOGICAL Brain, body, genetics Answer: People do it because their brain/body chemicals, or lack thereof, cause them to do it

GENETIC-BEHAVIORAL Within groups, what is nature and what is nurture Answer: People do it because their genetic predispositions cause them to do it

EVOLUTIONARY/SOCIOBIOLOGICAL Which behaviors evolved to get genes to the next generation Answer: People do it because their internal drive to survive/pass on their DNA makes them do it

SOCIOCULTURAL Which behaviors derive from group membership Answer: People do it because their culture/ethnic group/country/religion/peer group/family/society taught them that this is the way you do it

HUMANISTIC Free will, human growth and potential Answer: People ALL have the ability to do it – everyone can choose to do it (agency in its pure form)

PSYCHOANALYTICAL/PSYCHODYNAMIC Behavior is driven by unconscious impulses (sex and aggression) Answer: People do IT (fight, have sex) because it is all they ever unconsciously think about doing

COGNITIVE Thinking – how the brain acquires, stores, processes, and retrieves information Answer: Anyone can do it if they THINK they can do it; whether you think you can or you can’t, you’re right

DEVELOPMENTAL Predictable patterns of change throughout life Answer: People do it when their age/stage of development allows them to be able to do it

TRAIT Individual differences result from differences in patterns of stable characteristics (i.e. personality traits – introverted vs. extroverted) Answer: People do it because that is simply WHO they are

So what do we do with all this mess? We evaluate the three biggest issues in the field today – NATURE VS NURTURE STABILITY VS CHANGE RATIONAL VS IRRATIONAL

Oh it gets better… You can break down these fields into subfields depending on where your specialty/interests lie 1. Clinical psych – diagnose and treat severe disorders 2. Counseling psych – less severe disorders – anxiety, low-level depression, phobias 3. Psychiatry – branch of medicine – works with disorders and prescribes meds 4. School psych – test administration – severe cases – 5. Industrial Organization psych – workplace/human – human factors 6. Experimental psych – university – mice – details 7. Social psych – prejudice and stereotypes – group behavior 8. Developmental psych – geriatric 9. Psychometric psych – test designers – statistics – 10. Forensic psych – CSI – military operations 11. Sports psych 12. Psychophysics – relationship between physical stimuli and psychological experiences associated