 “successor” to Greece  “carrier” of Greek civilization  political model for later Europe  measure of success for nations and individuals

 model for later monarchies  model for later, mixed constitutions  Great Britain, U.S., etc.  model for most European legal systems  model for the concept of citizenship

 The Regal Age: ca B.C.  The Republic: B.C.  The Empire: 27 B.C A.D.  Early Empire: 27 B.C.-325 A.D.  Later Empire: 325 A.D A.D.

 Italy  Tiber River  between Etruscan and Greek cities  part of the Latin League

 Indo-European  entered Italy ca B.C.  settled south of the Tiber  primitive institutions

 Seven kings  Romulus  historical kings?  the Etruscan kings  the last three

 revolution  patricians (2-4%) and plebeians (96-98%)  constitutional government  influenced by Athens?  the constitution of Cleisthenes?

 2 consuls  2 praetors  aediles  quaestors  dictator

 the assemblies  the elective offices  patron-client relationships  The Twelve Tables

 struggle for political participation  plebeian institutions: the tribunes  the secessions  the compromises  no political violence until 133 B.C.

 conquest of Veii: Rome’s “Trojan War”  gradual expansion for a century  the Latin League  extension of citizenship  Romans, half-citizens, Latins, allies  continuous expansion  Celts, Samnites, etc.

 Etruscans  Greeks  Carthage ???  three Punic Wars  254, 220, 146 B.C.  control of Western Mediterranean

 the Hellenistic Monarchies  the Greek Federal Leagues  lots of wars, Romans are dragged in...a lot  Romans get tired of it  control of most of the Med. basin by 100 B.C.  but still essentially a city-state

 rustic Italian cults  overlay of Greek religion  Etruscan influences  Romans as “pack rats”

 best we don’t even talk about that

 great skill  engineers and architects  roads, cities  concrete

 copied from Greek models  interests in rhetoric, law, and satire  Stoic and Epicurean philosophy

 introduction of violence into domestic politics  competition for status and recognition  civil war

 Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus  Marius and Sulla  Pompey the Great, Marcus Crassus, Julius Caesar  First Triumvirate  Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, Octavian Caesar  Second Triumvirate

Gaius Marius

Gaius Julius Caesar

Pompey the Great

Cicero

Octavian Augustus

Octavian as pontifex maximus

Marc Antony

 unification of the Mediterranean basin and western Europe  extended citizenship  empire-wide commerce  Roman law  tolerance for local autonomy

 Augustus  Tiberius  Caligula  Claudius  Nero

 reduction of political competition  end to expansion  reduction in the army  further extension of citizenship

 Year of the Four Emperors (69 A.D.)  Vespasian  Titus  Domitian

 Edward Gibbon  the height of the Empire  the culmination of the pax Romana  succession by adoption of the most competent

 Nerva  Trajan  strong military leader  Hadrian  excellent administrator  Hellenophile  Antoninus Pius  Marcus Aurelius  the embodiment of the philosopher king

 Jesus of Nazareth  teacher, prophet, revolutionary  the Jesus Movement  Paul of Tarsus  cultural mixture: Jewish and Greek  founder of Christianity

 disappearance of Jewish followers: 70 A.D.  growth of the Pauline church  the poor, women, children, slaves  no success among men, the educated, etc.  benefits of Roman infrastructure and the pax Romana

 the First Jewish War  “eastern religion”  corrupted the mos maiorum  that is, “traditional family values”  rumors of orgies and cannibalism  Second Jewish War  Trajan’s Rescript

 End of the practice of adoption  The Severian Emperors  the army as a social class  abandonment of the Augustan constitution  collapse of the senate and other organs of state  collapse of the civil adminstration

 collapse of society  breakdown of social classes  collapse of the economy  collapse of trade and coinage  barbarian invasions  civil wars  Thirty emperors  The Danubian emperors (soldiers)

 Aurelian - restituor orbis  Decius - persecutions of those who corrupt traditional family values  Diocletian

 The Tetrarchy  The Annona  The Edict of Maximum Prices  The “new provinces”  The “eastern frontiers”  The “new capitals”  The “persecutions”  Edict of Toleration, 311

 The divided empire, united  The Battle of the Milvian Bridge  The “conversion of Constantine”  The Edict of Milan  The First Ecumenical Council  The New Capital  Constantinople

The Geography of Rome

Italy in 750 BCE

Influence of the Etruscans  Writing  Religion  The Arch

The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus

Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE  Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

The Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road System

Roman Roads: The Appian Way

Roman Aqueducts

The Roman Colosseum

The Colosseum Interior

Circus Maximus

Carthaginian Empire

Hannibal’s Route

Reform Leaders  Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer  Gaius Marius recruited an army from the poor and homeless. professional standing army.

PompeyPompey Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar

Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast!

The First Triumvirate  Julius Caesar  Marcus Licinius Crassus  Gaius Magnus Pompey

Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

The Second Triumvirate  Octavian Augustus  Marc Antony  Marcus Lepidus

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

The First Roman Dynasty

Pax Romana : 27 BCE – 180 CE

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

The Rise of Christianity

St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

The Spread of Christianity

Imperial Roman Road System

The Empire in Crisis: 3c

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine:

Constantinople: “The 2 nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

The Legacy of Rome  Republic Government  Roman Law  Latin Language  Roman Catholic Church  City Planning  Romanesque Architectural Style  Roman Engineering Aqueducts Aqueducts Sewage systems Sewage systems Dams Dams Cement Cement Arch Arch