The Late Middle Ages SS.A ; SS.D.2.4.6; SS.B.2.4.5; SS.B.1.4.4; SS.B.2.4.2

Revival of European Trade Medieval Europe=agricultural society Medieval Europe=agricultural society Trade had declined during chaos after Rome’s fall Trade had declined during chaos after Rome’s fall By 900s, people relearned many skills/tools for trade By 900s, people relearned many skills/tools for trade Italy takes the lead, especially City of Venice Italy takes the lead, especially City of Venice Flanders, in N. Europe also begins trade in wool Flanders, in N. Europe also begins trade in wool 1100: much trade between Flanders and N. Italy 1100: much trade between Flanders and N. Italy Trade fairs in Champagne, France Trade fairs in Champagne, France Money Economy emerges Money Economy emerges Commercial Capitalism: economic system in which people invest in trade and goods in order to make profits Commercial Capitalism: economic system in which people invest in trade and goods in order to make profits

Medieval Urban Growth Early M.A.: Old Roman cities decrease in population after Rome’s fall, very few cities north of the Alps Mountains Early M.A.: Old Roman cities decrease in population after Rome’s fall, very few cities north of the Alps Mountains As trade increases, merchants and artisans settle in old Roman cities As trade increases, merchants and artisans settle in old Roman cities Cities begin to develop next to castles, located by trade routes, to benefit from lord’s protection Cities begin to develop next to castles, located by trade routes, to benefit from lord’s protection People known as burghers or bourgeoisie People known as burghers or bourgeoisie London=40,000; Venice=80,000 were largest London=40,000; Venice=80,000 were largest Still tiny compared with Constantinople or the Arab cities Still tiny compared with Constantinople or the Arab cities

The Black Death Most devastating natural disaster in European history, a deadly plague swept through cities Most devastating natural disaster in European history, a deadly plague swept through cities Bubonic plague=most common form Bubonic plague=most common form 1347: Brought from Caffa to Sicily by Italian traders 1347: Brought from Caffa to Sicily by Italian traders Spread by black rats’ fleas carrying bacterium Spread by black rats’ fleas carrying bacterium Black Death’s path mirrored trade routes Black Death’s path mirrored trade routes 1347: Southern Italy & France affected 1347: Southern Italy & France affected 1348: France, Low Countries & Germany affected 1348: France, Low Countries & Germany affected 1349: Northern Europe & England affected 1349: Northern Europe & England affected 1351: Eastern Europe & Russia affected 1351: Eastern Europe & Russia affected : 38 million dead : 38 million dead

Consequences of Black Death Many Europeans, especially in Germany, blame Jews for poisoning water wells Many Europeans, especially in Germany, blame Jews for poisoning water wells Many flee eastward to Poland, protected by king Many flee eastward to Poland, protected by king Damaged trade and local economies Damaged trade and local economies Labor prices increase, merchandise prices decrease Labor prices increase, merchandise prices decrease Result: peasants begin paying rent, rather than providing services, ending serfdom/freeing serfs Result: peasants begin paying rent, rather than providing services, ending serfdom/freeing serfs

Declining Church Power 1300: Kings tired of Papal claims of supremacy 1300: Kings tired of Papal claims of supremacy King Philip IV of France wants to tax clergy King Philip IV of France wants to tax clergy Pope Boniface VIII says not without his approval Pope Boniface VIII says not without his approval King sends troops to arrest pope, bring to trial King sends troops to arrest pope, bring to trial Boniface dies, King Philip fixes the papal election Boniface dies, King Philip fixes the papal election Clement V, a Frenchman, elected pope, lives in Avignon Clement V, a Frenchman, elected pope, lives in Avignon Popes live in Avignon from Popes live in Avignon from : Pope Gregory XI returns papacy to Rome 1377: Pope Gregory XI returns papacy to Rome

“Here reign the successors of the poor fisherman of Galilee; they have strangely forgotten their origin. I am astounded…to see these men loaded with gold and clad in purple, boasting of the spoils of princes and nations.”~Petrarch, Italian Poet

The Great Schism ( ) Gregory XI dies shortly after return to Rome Gregory XI dies shortly after return to Rome Cardinals chose an Italian pope, Urban VI, but French cardinals elect a French pope in Avignon Cardinals chose an Italian pope, Urban VI, but French cardinals elect a French pope in Avignon Now, two popes compete for power/leadership Now, two popes compete for power/leadership King of France and allies support Avignon’s pope King of France and allies support Avignon’s pope King of England and allies support Rome’s pope King of England and allies support Rome’s pope People lose faith in both popes and church People lose faith in both popes and church 1417: Council of Constance, new pope elected 1417: Council of Constance, new pope elected John Hus: Czech reformer, convicted of heresy John Hus: Czech reformer, convicted of heresy Causes uprising in Bohemia until 1436 Causes uprising in Bohemia until : Pope loses fight for supremacy over state 1400: Pope loses fight for supremacy over state

The Hundred Years’ War 1300: England still owns small piece of land in France, Duchy of Gascony 1300: England still owns small piece of land in France, Duchy of Gascony English king (Edward III), as Duke of Gascony, was a vassal of the French king (Philip VI) English king (Edward III), as Duke of Gascony, was a vassal of the French king (Philip VI) 1337: Philip invades Gascony to cede into realm 1337: Philip invades Gascony to cede into realm Edward declares war on France, lasts until 1453 Edward declares war on France, lasts until 1453 Peasant foot-soldiers outshine mounted knights Peasant foot-soldiers outshine mounted knights English use more foot-soldiers than French, and also equip soldiers with longbows English use more foot-soldiers than French, and also equip soldiers with longbows French use crossbows at first French use crossbows at first

Battles of Crécy & Agincourt 1346: Battle of Crécy: French attack with no plan, slaughtered by English longbows 1346: Battle of Crécy: French attack with no plan, slaughtered by English longbows English not strong enough to conquer all of France English not strong enough to conquer all of France King Henry V of England keeps trying King Henry V of England keeps trying 1415: Battle of Agincourt heavily armored French noblemen get stuck in muddy battle field—1,500 die— England controls N. France 1415: Battle of Agincourt heavily armored French noblemen get stuck in muddy battle field—1,500 die— England controls N. France

Joan of Arc King Charles V of France loses hope King Charles V of France loses hope Young, religious woman named Joan convinces King Charles to let her follow army to Orléans Young, religious woman named Joan convinces King Charles to let her follow army to Orléans Joan’s faith powers French to victory Joan’s faith powers French to victory 1430: Captured by English, convicted of witchcraft 1430: Captured by English, convicted of witchcraft Joan’s faith reenergized the French army, and they easily won battles in Aquitaine and Normandy; French win war in 1453 Joan’s faith reenergized the French army, and they easily won battles in Aquitaine and Normandy; French win war in 1453 The invention of the cannon also responsible for eventual French victory The invention of the cannon also responsible for eventual French victory

Jeanne d’Arc

Western Europe’s Recovery Kings in England, France and Spain have trouble producing male heirs Kings in England, France and Spain have trouble producing male heirs Nobles fight to replace dying dynasties Nobles fight to replace dying dynasties New dynasties establish “new monarchies” New dynasties establish “new monarchies” France’s kings use new national pride to gain power, expand taxes and control France’s kings use new national pride to gain power, expand taxes and control War of the Roses b/w nobles and English king War of the Roses b/w nobles and English king Henry Tudor becomes new king (Henry VII) Henry Tudor becomes new king (Henry VII) Abolishes nobles’ private armies Abolishes nobles’ private armies Lessened taxes on subjects, people happy with rule Lessened taxes on subjects, people happy with rule

The Spanish Reconquista 725: Muslims conquer Spain, Portugal 725: Muslims conquer Spain, Portugal Spanish kingdoms arise, fight back for control Spanish kingdoms arise, fight back for control Aragon & Castile two most powerful kingdoms Aragon & Castile two most powerful kingdoms Isabella of Castile marries Ferdinand of Aragon, work together to strengthen Spanish monarchy Isabella of Castile marries Ferdinand of Aragon, work together to strengthen Spanish monarchy Spanish religious conformity= Catholic nation Spanish religious conformity= Catholic nation 1492: Jews kicked out of Spain 1492: Jews kicked out of Spain 1502: Muslims kicked out of Spain 1502: Muslims kicked out of Spain Both Jews and Muslims who wish to stay in Spain must convert to Christianity (Catholicism) Both Jews and Muslims who wish to stay in Spain must convert to Christianity (Catholicism)

La Rendición de Granada The Capitulation of Granada, by Francisco Pradilla y Ortiz (1882)

Central & Eastern Europe Holy Roman Empire fails to form strong gov. Holy Roman Empire fails to form strong gov. 100s of nobles control small states 100s of nobles control small states 1438: Hapsburg dynasty in Holy Roman Empire 1438: Hapsburg dynasty in Holy Roman Empire House of Hapsburg becomes powerful in Europe House of Hapsburg becomes powerful in Europe In Eastern Europe, religious differences b/w Catholics, Orthodox, Mongols and Muslims don’t allow for strong states In Eastern Europe, religious differences b/w Catholics, Orthodox, Mongols and Muslims don’t allow for strong states Polish nobles elect own kings Polish nobles elect own kings 1200s: Mongols rule Russia 1200s: Mongols rule Russia Gradually, Russian princes of Moscow gain power Gradually, Russian princes of Moscow gain power Ivan III creates a Russian state; 1480: defeats Mongols, gains freedom Ivan III creates a Russian state; 1480: defeats Mongols, gains freedom