CATO THE ELDER AND THE ROMAN REPUBLIC Week Four

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I. Cato the Elder  A spokesperson for traditional values, even as he benefits from the new world of commerce and internationalism

II. Hellenistic Greece A. The Rise of Macedon  Philip II ( ) fills the vacuum left by the Greek disunity  Assassination leaves the throne to son Alexander

II. Hellenistic Greece B. Empire of Alexander the Great 1. Alexander’s conquests ( ) Military victories to India 2. Binding together an empire Respected local customs Alliances through marriage New cities: Alexandria in Egypt

Alexander’s empire

III. The Roman Republic A. Roman ideals Farming in Latium Paterfamilias: system in which father has total authority; curia Traditional values Honesty, hard work, frugality, and farming Legends of early Rome: Cincinnatus and Remus and Romulus

paterfamilias

Cincinnatus plowing his land

Roman legend of Romulus and Remus

III. Roman Republic B. Etruscan realities ( )  Not so provincial Etruscan League. Urban growth  Not so ideal Class divisions between patricians and plebeians Political inequalities in the new centuriate  Legacy of the Etruscans Rome transforms into a unified, prosperous urban center

IV. Roman Imperialism A. Political expansion  Military campaigns brought all of Italy under Roman control by 264. B. Punic Wars  First Punic War ( ): Rome outlasts Carthage

The Punic Wars

IV. Roman Imperialism  Second Punic War Cato joins the army Hannibal’s epic march— with elephants!—inflicts devastation on Romans. Romans rally; defeat Hasdrubal; take the fight to North Africa  Third Punic War Cato: “Carthage must be destroyed”

Hannibal’s elephants

IV. Roman Imperialism C. Expansion into the Hellenistic East

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V. The Roman Republic A. Cato’s rise to power Public service An arbitrator of disputes Patronage Flaccus: a young nobleman from a patrician family Sabine farm

V. The Roman Republic B. Cato’s offices and republican civilization  Military tribune  Aedile  Quaestor  Censor  Consul: Oppian Law and the women’s rebellion  Governor of Hispania: ruthless destruction and then incorporation of the conquered

V. The Roman Republic  Plebeian resistance  Law of the Twelve Tables  Cato’s support of democratic reform  Traditional values Severity Frugality Simplicity Reading the Twelve Tables

Tour of a Roman home

V. The Roman Republic Crisis of Roman Virtue Gender roles change More luxury Urban squalor Cato, like many others, complicit in these changes Cato as a transitional figure—Janus-faced

Roman fly-over

Epilogue  The Cato Institute  A prominent libertarian think tank in Washington, D.C.