World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 5 An Age of Empires: Rome and Han China 753 B.C.E. - 330 C.E.

Objectives Explain how the Roman and Han Empires came into being. Be able to describe the sources of their stability or instability. Discuss the benefits and liabilities that these empires bring to the rulers and their subjects

Rome and Han China Common Characteristics largest empires world had seen greater central control than earlier empires greater cultural impact remarkable stability

Rome’s Mediterranean Empire Crossroads Italian peninsula Europe and Africa Natural Resources ample, arable land volcanic soil timber and minerals navigable rivers Support of a large population

A Republic of Farmers Inhabitation by 1000 BCE Seven Hills Economy Romulus 753 BCE Seven Hills original Latins Etruscans immigrants 700 BCE Economy agriculture and land Politics “Council of Elders” seven kings of Rome 753 - 507 BCE

A Republic of Farmers Roman Republic - 507-31 BCE Roman Senate Society ruled by assemblies of wealthy male citizens Roman Senate real center of power; made laws served for life consuls Society multi-generational family paterfamilias oldest-living male hierarchical patron/client relationship mutual benefits and obligations

A Republic of Farmers Women child in eyes of the law more freedom than Greeks influence over husbands / son Religion polytheistic numina - invisible shapeless forces controlling nature pax deorum peace with the gods diffusion with Greek gods

Roman Expansion Early Roman Republic - 500 BC Rome as ‘city-state’ aggression or self-defense? friction pastoral tribes / agriculturalists Romans serves as ‘protectors’ Roman loyalty - 290 BCE privileges of citizenship to conquered military service Carthage Wars - 264-202 BC control of western Mediterranean Sea

Punic Wars: Rome - Carthage

Roman Expansion Eastern Mediterranean Hellenistic (200-30 BCE) Egypt and Greece Interior Gaul (59-51 BCE) Celts Gaius Julius Caesar Administration considerable autonomy to cooperative local elites provincial governor from Senate inadequate and corrupt Caesar

Caesar’s Empire

The Failure of the Republic Forces military service for farmers decline of independent farms unemployment decline in soldiers mercenaries war wealth of upper classes rise in latifundia; cash crops slave labor loss of food supply Civil War - 88 BCE - 31 BCE allegiance to generals, not state

The Failure of the Republic Octavian - 63 - 14 BCE ends civil wars by 31 BCE military dictator offensive to defensive Augustus Roman Principate “first among equals” equites wealthy merchants / landowners civil service Good Emperors line of succession

An Urban Empire Pax Romana Importance of trade Romanization “Roman peace” safety and stability Importance of trade support for emperor & govt rich interior provinces Gaul and Egypt Romanization spread of Latin language / Roman ways citizenship Before 212 CE: military service After 212 CE: all free males

Rome: 14 - 117 C.E.

The Rise of Christianity Judea Jewish homeland Roman control by 6 CE Jesus personal faith and spirituality Paul - (45 - 58 C.E.) Jesus as Messiah (“anointed one” benefits of citizenship to preach Disloyalty to Rome refusal to worship emperor

Spread of Christianity

Roman Technology Aqueducts “Third-century crisis” road system water conduits using gravity arches domes concrete “Third-century crisis” 235 - 284 C.E. frequent change of rulers coin devaluation permeable frontiers loss of trade revenues exodus from city to country Aqueducts

Roman Transformation Diocletian (284 - 305 C.E.) government regulation prices and vocations Constantine (306 - 337 C.E) reunites entire empire conversion to Christianity Rome to Byzantium Constantinople

Diocletian’s Empire

Origins of Imperial China, 221 BCE - 220 CE Warring-States Period 1st empire under Qin Shi Huangdi (221-206 BCE) Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 CE) Resources agriculture free peasant taxes human labor public works projects military service

Hierarchy, Obedience, & Belief Family all generations; ancestors Values Confucianism obedience and proper conduct Women three submissions parents, husband, son live with husband’s family Nature nature spirits feng shui

Qin Dynasty Qin - 221 - 206 B.C.E. Shi Huangdi primogeniture Imperial Age Shi Huangdi “First Emperor” totalitarianism primogeniture outlawed sole land inheritance abolished slavery standardization coins, law code, writing roads, canals, walls unification of civilization

The Long Reign of the Han Han - 206 BCE - 220 CE replaces Qin Legalism reform Confucianism social order Mandate of Heaven Chang’an capital of Early Han model of urban planning alignment with gentry class below aristocrats efficient and responsive Confucian guide to government civil service Daoism popular among commoners

Han Dynasty

Technology and Trade Metallurgy Military watermill horse collar Trade poured versus pounded Military crossbow and cavalry watermill grindstone horse collar Trade silk as leading export Fall of Han reform failure; corruption nomad attacks; hungry peasants