CHINESE Revolutionary PIES

The Chinese Revolution Overview 

POLITICAL CAUSES Empress Dowager Cixi ( ) De facto Chinese monarch ( ) Blamed by many Chinese for foreign imperialist power in China Emperor Puyi – the “Last Emperor”

ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CAUSES Foreign Imperialism Lack of industry Little infrastructure Peasants had no access to land Lack of Education

INTELLECTUAL CAUSES Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian) Founded Kuomintang (KMT) – Nationalist party Overthrew Manchu (Qing) dynasty, 1911 Established a republic President of Chinese Republic who succeeded him – Yuan Shih-k’ai

Three Principles of the People Sun Yat-sen wanted to establish a modern government based on three principles 1.People’s Rights- Democracy the people are sovereign 2.Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism 3.People’s Livelihood – economic development, industrialization, land reform, and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism

Republic of China: Weaknesses Disunity –Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control –Wars raged between 1912 and 1928 Foreign imperialists –Americans, Europeans, and Japanese Poor transportation –1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track 225,000 miles in the smaller United States –Few decent roads

Chinese Warlords, 1920s Yuan Shi-kai

China in 1924

Foreign Imperialists Twenty-One Demands (1915) –Japan attempted to make China a Japanese protectorate –Action condemned and stopped by other leading world powers World War I and the Treaty of Versailles –China declared war on Germany in hopes that Allies would concessions and extraterritoriality Attempt failed –China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles –Japan gained mandate over most of Germany’s Asian possessions and rights

May 4 th Movement ,000 angry students protested the Treaty of Versailles in Beijing Demonstrations spread across the country as workers, shopkeepers, and professionals joined the cause. Protestors demanded strong, modern government However, many young intellectuals turned against Sun’s belief in Western democracy in favor of communism

Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) Assistant librarian in Beijing Helped organize the Chinese Communist Party Believed he could bring revolution to a rural country and that peasants could be true revolutionaries

Mao With His Children, 1930s

Growth of Communism Sun Yat-sen appealed for Russian (Soviet) aid following the Versailles Conference –Sun became disillusioned with the Western democracies that refused to support his struggling government –Allied Kuomintang with the Communist party – – China received advisors, arms, communist propaganda, and loans –Russia revoked its imperialist rights in China Chinese flag,

The Kuomintang (KMT) is Split Right wing –Business people –Politicians Left wing –Communists –Intellectuals –Radicals –Students

Nationalist Revolution Sun Yat-sen died in1925 and was succeeded by Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) –His followers were bankers/business people –Feared Communism –Government became less democratic and more corrupt Peasants started to support communists because they lost faith in Kai-shek –Mao divided land that the Communists won among local farmers. Presidential Palace under Kuomintang Government in Nanjing

(Chiang Kai-shek) – war to control the warlords –Communists/Nationalists join forces. –1927 Kai-shek turned against communists and ordered many Communist leaders and union workers killed. Killings in many Chinese cities. –Communists almost wiped out. –1928- Jiang Jieshi becomes President of the Nationalist Republic of China. –Capital moved from Peiping (a.k.a. Peking, today’s Beijing) to Nanking (Nanjing)

Civil War in China and – war between Communists and Nationalists –Communists – Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) –Nationalists – Chiang Kai-shek War halted and to fight Japanese aggression Communists were victorious in 1949 Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan)

1.Mao and other Communists leaders established themselves in the hills of south-central China. 2.“swimming in the peasant sea” 1.Recruited peasants to join the Red Army, trained them in guerilla warfare. 3.Nationalists failed to drive them out 4.Long March Jiang’s army surrounded the Communists’ mountain stronghold. Communists fled (100,000) 6,000 mile journey stayed just ahead of Jiang’s forces Thousands died of hunger, cold, exposure, and battle wounds. Settled in caves in northwestern China, gained new followers

The Long March

Survivors of the March

Civil War interrupted when Japan invaded China 1st in 1931 when Japanese invaded Manchuria 2nd in 1937 with the invasion of China

Japanese Aggression,

Japanese Soldiers March into Nanking December 9, 1937

The Japanese Invasion, 1937