Transformations Around the Globe Chapter 12

China Resists Outside Influence Section 1

China & the West Western economic pressure forces China to open foreign trade & influence 1793, China rejects gifts brought by British ambassador China is strong politically because it is largely self-sufficient Agriculture, mining, manufacturing is highly productive China earns more from exports than it spends on imports British smuggle opium; many Chinese become addicted

War Breaks Out 1839, Opium War erupts – fight caused by opium trade China loses the war to more modern British navy Treaty of Nanjing (1842) gives British control of Hong Kong 1844, other nations win extraterritorial rights Rights mean foreigners exempt from Chinese laws at ports

The Taiping Rebellion Late 1830’s, Hong Xiuquan recruits followers to build new China 1850’s, Hong’s army grows large, captures large areas in southeast 1864, rebellion defeated by internal fighting & outside attacks by British & French At least 20 million people died in the rebellion

Foreign Influence Grows 1862-1908, Dowager Empress Cixi rules China Reforms in education, government, & military Prefers traditional way of life China suffers attacks from other nations & forced to grant more rights to other countries Europeans & Japan gain spheres of influence Foreign nations controlled trade & investment U.S. declares Open Door Policy (1899) Chinese trade open to all nations

The Boxer Rebellion Anti-government, anti-European peasants form secret organization – Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists Known as “The Boxers” 1900, they launch the Boxer Rebellion – their campaign for reforms Rebels take Beijing, but foreign army defeats them, ending the rebellion Rebellion fails, but Chinese nationalism emerges

Modernization in Japan Section 2

Japan Ends Its Isolation Treaty of Kanagwa – Japan opens two ports to American ships By 1860, Japan has trade agreements with many nations Meiji Era – time of reform by emperor, Mutsuhito Makes reforms & modernizing using Western models By early 1900, Japan had industrialized & is competitive with the West

Imperial Japan By 1890, has strong navy & large army In 1894, Japan gets Western nations to give up special rights Japan forces Korea to open 3 ports to trade with Japan & China agree not to send troops to Korea China sends troops to put down rebellion in Korea Japan drives Chinese out of Korea & gains Chinese territory

Russo-Japanese War 1903, Japan & Russia begin struggle over Manchuria Japan attacks Russia in 1904 1905, the Treaty of Portsmouth ends the war; Japan gained captured territories Treaty drafted by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt Signed off the coast of New Hampshire on a ship

Japan Occupies Korea Japan makes Korea a protectorate 1910, Japan completes the annexation of Korea Japan rules harshly in Korea which leads to Korean nationalism

U.S. Economic Imperialism Section 3

Latin America After Independence Economic system kept peasants in debt & landowners grew wealthy Caudillos – military dictators – gain & hold power backed by the military Ruled in most of Latin American countries Reformers sometimes gain office, but eventually forced out Wealthy landowners support caudillos; poor have few rights

Latin American Economies Depend on exporting 1 or 2 products Trains & refrigeration increase demand for L. Am. food L. Am. Imports manufactured goods Build few schools, roads, & hospitals Gov’t forced to borrow money from other countries Loans not repaid, property repossessed; foreign control increases

The Monroe Doctrine Newly independent countries of Americas are insecure 1823, Pres. James Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine Europe cannot colonize anything in North or South America

Cuba Declares Independence 1895, Jose Marti, Cuban writer, launches war for Cuban independence U.S. fights to help Cuba in 1898, leading to the Spanish-American War 1901, Cuba nominally independent; US has significant control After war, Spain gives the U.S. – Puerto Rico, Guam, & the Philippines

Connecting the Oceans U.S. wants faster way from going east to west by ship Pres. T. Roosevelt backs idea of building canal across Panama Colombia rejects Roosevelt’s $10 million canal offer 1903, Panama gains independence from Colombia with the help of the U.S. In return, Panama gives land to U.S. to build canal & the canal opens in 1914

The Roosevelt Corollary U.S. gains influence in L. America Many U.S. business investments in Cuba & in other nations 1904, T. Roosevelt issues update of the Monroe Doctrine The Roosevelt Corollary – U.S. can be the police power in North & South America U.S. uses the corollary to justify repeated military interventions

Turmoil & Change in Mexico Section 4

Santa Anna & Mexican War Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana dominates politics in Mexico President four times from 1833-1855 1820’s Mexican officials encourage Americans to settle in TX “Anglos” settle in TX & want more self-government Cause problems with Mexico 1835, Texans revolt & win independence Santa Anna looses power

1845, US annexes Texas; Mexico outraged 1846, war breaks out between US & Mexico Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends war Northern 3rd of Mexico to US Santa Anna, who had lost war, looses power again

French Invade Mexico Conservatives plot with Europeans to defeat Benito Juarez Liberal reformer who wanted to make changes 1862, French sent army to Mexico & take control of country Put Austrian Archduke Maximilian as emperor Fighting continues for 5 years & Maximilian is defeated Juarez president again until death in 1872

Diaz & “Order & Progress” Porfirio Diaz takes power in 1876 Builds power & suppresses opponents Trades land for political support = elections meaningless Brings order to Mexico, but freedom is reduced Rich stay wealthy & poor suffer Unrest over harsh rule grows throughout Mexico

Reformer Francisco Madero calls for armed revolt against Diaz “Pancho Villa” – leader from north Emiliano Zapata – leader from south Both Villa & Zapata have significant victories over Diaz’s army Diaz forced to step down – new elections in 1911

Revolution & Civil War 1911 – Madero elected President – unrest continues 1913, Madero resigns & General Victoriano Huerta takes over Rebels start fight that last 15 months & Carranza becomes President Civil War ends in 1919 with Zapata’s death Mexico gets new constitution which provides land reform, education, & worker’s rights