Assignment On LAN OF 100 COMPUTERS SUBMITTED DURING THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING AT BSNL DURG Under the Guidance of Mr. ……………………LALIT VERMA……………………(S.D.E.) Submitted by …………………………AANCHAL MISHRA…………………………………. MONTH : ……AUGUST…….. YEAR : ……2014……..

INDEX Overview Computer Networks :- LANs MANs WANs The OSI Model LAN Components LAN port LAN switches LAN Hub LAN Router

Local Area Network (LAN) A local area network (LAN) is a group of computers and associated devices that shear a common communications line or wireless link. Typically, connected devices share the resources of a single processor or server within a small geographic area (for example, within an office building).Usually a server has applications and data storage that are shared in common by multiple computer users. A local area network may serve as few as two or three users (for example, in a home network) or as many as thousand of users(for example ,in an FDDI network). Major local area network technologies are :- Token ring FDDI(Fiber distributed data interface) Ethernet

Token Ring Network Originally developed by IBM in 1970’s Still IBM’s primary LAN technology In cases of heavy traffic, the token ring network has higher throughput than ethernet due to the deterministic (non-random) nature of the medium access Is used in applications in which delay when sending data must be predictable Is a robust network i.e. it is fault tolerant through fault management mechanisms Can support data rates of around 16 Mbps Typically uses twisted pair

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) FDDI is a standard developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for transmitting data on optical fibers Supports transmission rates of up to 200 Mbps Uses a dual ring First ring used to carry data at 100 Mbps Second ring used for primary backup in case first ring fails If no backup is needed, second ring can also carry data, increasing the data rate up to 200 Mbps Supports up to 1000 nodes Has a range of up to 200 km Source:http://burks.brighton.ac.uk/burks/pcinfo/hardware/ethernet/fddi.htm

Ethernet First network to provide CSMA/CD Developed in 1976 by Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) in cooperation with DEC and Intel Is a fast and reliable network solution One of the most widely implemented LAN standards Can support data rates in the range of 10Mbps- 10 Gbps Used with a bus or star topology

Metropolitan area network A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that is utilized across multiple buildings Commonly used in school campuses or large companies with multiple buildings Is larger than a LAN, but smaller than a WAN Is also used to mean the interconnection of several LANs by bridging them together. This sort of network is also referred to as a campus network

MAN ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Provide a good backbone for large network Provide greater access to WAN Most common to see on university campuses More cable required for this connection from one place to another Large network become difficult to manage Difficult to make system secure from hackers

Wide area network A Wide Area Network is a network spanning a large geographical area of around several hundred miles to across the globe May be privately owned or leased Also called “enterprise networks” if they are privately owned by a large company It can be leased through one or several carriers (ISPs-Internet Service Providers) such as AT&T, Sprint, Cable and Wireless Can be connected through cable, fiber or satellite Is typically slower and less reliable than a LAN Services include internet, frame relay, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

Advantages of WAN Covers a large geographical area so long distance businesses can connect on one network Shares softwares and resources with connecting workstations Messages can be sent very quickly to any one else on the network These messages can have pictures, sounds or data included with them Every one on the network can use the same data. This avoids problem where some users may have some older information than others Share information/files over a larger area

The OSI Model The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a theoretical framework for understanding and explaining networking protocols Originally an effort by the ISO (International Standards Organization) to standardize network protocols TCP/IP became the dominant set of standards but the OSI model is widely used to help understand protocols The OSI model defines 7 layers of functional communications protocols.

The OSI Model 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Layer Provides a network interface for applications 7 Presentation Layer Translates data to standard format 6 Session Layer Establishes sessions between computers 5 4 Transport Layer Provides error control and flow control 3 Network Layer Supports logical addressing and routing Data Link Layer 2 Interfaces with network adapter 1 Physical Layer Converts information into transmitted pulses

LAN COMPONENTS The fundamental components of LANs are as follows:- Computers: computers serve as the end points in the network sending and receiving data. Interconnections: interconnections enable data to travel from one point to another in the network. Interconnections include these components: NICs: NICs translate the data produced by the computer into a format that can be transmitted over the LAN. Network media : network media, such as cables or wireless media, transmit signals from one device on the LAN to another. Hubs: hubs provide aggregation devices operating at layer 1 of the OSI reference model. However, hubs have been replaced in this function by switches

Ethernet switches: Ethernet switches from the aggregation point for LANs. Ethernet switches operate at layer 2 of the OSI reference model and provide intelligent distribution of frames within the LAN. Routers: routers sometimes called gateways, provide a means to connect LAN segment. routers operate at layer 3 of the OSI reference model. Protocols: protocols govern the way data is transmitted over a LAN and include the following: 1. Ethernet protocols 2. IP 3. ARP and RARP 4. DHCP

LAN port:- Also known as Ethernet port and network port, the LAN port is a port connection that allows a computer to connect to a network using a wired connection. In this picture, a close up example of what a LAN port looks like for network cable using a RJ-45 connector. In the case of this example, the two LED light will blink when that port is active and receiving activity-

LAN switches- Definition: a network switch is a small hardware device that joins multiple computers together within one local area network (LAN). Technically network switches operate at layer 2 (data link layer) of the OSI model . Network switches appear nearly identical to network hubs, but a switch generally contains more intelligence (and a slightly higher price tag) than a hub. Unlike hubs, network switches are capable of inspecting data packet as they received, determining the source destination device of each packet, and forwarding them appropriately

LAN hub:- Definition- in computer networking a hub is a small, simple, inexpensive device that joins multiple computers together. Many network hubs available today support the Ethernet standard. Other types including USB hubs also exist, but Ethernet is the type traditionally used in home networking. A hub contains multiple ports. When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segment of the LAN can see all packets.

LAN router:- A LAN router today can come with a great number of extra features. They commonly have additional built-in extras such as wireless network access, torrent downloading, vpn, firewall, network bridging capabilities and more. A LAN router no longer no longer limits itself to handing out a mere IP address (acting as and NAT too) and discerning buyer often have a long wish list. You can acquire a LAN router from several different product manufacturers. Sometimes these unit may be referred to as internet router or even wireless routers.

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