Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate.

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Presentation transcript:

Criteria for Any Epileptic Event Clinical Phenomena –Something has to happen Paroxysmal Nature –It is an attack, not a permanent condition EEG Correlate –There is a change in the EEG

Epileptic Seizure Transient excessive discharge of nerve cells resulting in an seizure

Epilepsy: Etiology

ILAE Classification of Seizures 1.Localization-related a.Idiopathic b.Symptomatic 2.Generalized a.Idiopathic b.Idiopathic and/or symptomatic c.Symptomatic 3.Undetermined 4.Special Syndromes

Non Brain Etiologies High Fever or Rapid Increase in Body Temperature

Febrile Seizures Ages: 4months to 6 years Most common sz disorder in children –(2-4% of all children) Sz are generally short, generalized but may be focal Febrile sz do not cause brain damage Recurrence: 25-40% Prevalence: –USA 2-5% –Japan 8.3%

Risk for recurrent febrile seizures 1.Family history of febrile seizures 2.Age younger than 18 months 3.Height of peak temperature-the lower the temperature the higher risk of recurrence 4.Duration of febrile illness-the shorter the duration the Higher risk of recurrence

Febrile Seizures & Epilepsy Recurrent FS, even multiple recurrences, are not important predictors of epilepsy. No known long term benefits from trying to prevent recurrent FS. 15% of children with epilepsy had FS 2-4% of children with FS will develop epilepsy 96-98% of children with FS will NOT develop epilepsy.

Risk for epilepsy 1.Complex febrile seizure: more than 15 minutes focal recurrence in 24 hours. 2.Neurologic disease, developmental delay etc… 3. Family history of epilepsy

Febrile Seizures: Assessment Indication for lumbar puncture –Deteriorating condition of child –Neck stiffness –Photophobia –Continuing fever without obvious reason

Febrile Seizures: Treatment? Anti-pyretics do not reduce no. of FS AED: Phenobarbital produces unclear results but replete with adverse effects AED: Not effective Diazepam PR: May be effective in stopping FS in the home Diazepam PO: Apparently not effective Best Treatment: Reassurance

What to do! Keep Calm! Only move person if in danger Turn the head to one side if possible Do not try to stop the seizure DO NOT FORCE ANYTHING INTO MOUTH Call ambulance if sz lasts more than 5 minutes, there are multiple sz or person is hurt or has difficulty breathing Stay with person and allow to rest and recover from the seizure

What to do!

Case Report 18 month old previously healthy baby Parents refused vaccinations Two day history of irritability, and on day of admission 2 events of tonic movements on left side of body Examination: 39˚, somnolence, stiff neck Diagnosis? Recommendations?

Epilepsy Syndromes Types of seizures EEG patterns Characteristic course and prognosis Age-dependant Some syndromes have idiopathic and symptomatic forms

בת שש וחצי שנים פנתה למרפאה עקב הפרעת קשב ורכוז. מחלה נוכחית: מזה ארבעה חדשים המורה שמה לב לשינוי התנהגותי הכולל ירידה בהקשבה נטיה לחלום במהלך השיעור ולא להקשיב. מדי פעם שמדברים אליה לא מגיבה, מבט לעיתים בוהה. אבחנה מבדלת בשלב זה: 1.חולמנות(day-dreaming) כחלק מהפרעת קשב ורכוז. 2.Complex partial seizure 3.Petit - Mal Epilepsy עוד במחלה נוכחית:

ברקע: הריון ולידה תקינים. ללא סבוכים פרינטלים. שניה משלושה להורים ילידי הארץ ללא קרבה משפחתית. התפתחות מוטורית ושפתית תקינה. חסונים כמקובל, ללא רגישות לתרופות. בבדיקה: לחץ דם ודופק תקינים. בדיקה גופנית ונוירולוגית תקינה.

Seven year old with CAE

המשך ברור: בדיקת EEG: פעילות הרקע תקינה. כוללת פעילןת בטא קדמית ואלפא אחורית. לאורך התרשים מדי פעם פעילות כללית של זיז וגל בתדירות 3הרץ. מוגברת בנישום יתר. Childhood absance epilepsy

ILAE Classification of Seizures 1.Localization-related a.Idiopathic b.symptomatic 2.Generalized a.Idiopathic b.Idiopathic and/or symptomatic c.Symptomatic 3.Undetermined 4.Special Syndromes

A 5 year old boy wakes his parents in the middle of the night. He is unable to talk. He is drooling. 30 seconds later he falls to the ground with a tonic-clonic seizure

BECRS

Benign Rolandic Epilepsy 3-12 years Seizures disappear (majority) during adolescence Focal motor and/or secondarily generalized Seizures tend to occur during sleep, last hour or first 2 hours EEG: Spikes over the central region and/or adjacent midtemporal and parietal

Seizure of Temporal Lobe Onset

בן תשעה חדשים. תלונה עיקרית: תנועות מוזרות. מחלה נוכחית: מזה שבועיים ההורים שמו לב לכפוף הזרועות קדימה במקביל לכיפוף הראש מספר פעמים רב ביום. כמו כן מתיחת ידיים לאחור שחוזרת על עצמה שוב ושוב באופן מוגזם. ברקע: ראשון להורים ילידי הארץ ללא קרבה משפחתית. הריון ולידה תקינים. ללא סבוכים פרינטלים. במשפחה כולם בריאים. התפתחות- מתהפך בטן גב, לא זוחל לא יושב. ממלמל הברות בודדות. חסונים כמקובל, רגישות לתרופות-לא ידועה. בבדיקה: חיוני ועירני. הקף ראש 50% לגיל. ריאות, לב, בטן ב.מ.פ.עור-שלושה כתמים היפופיגמנטרים משוננים בקצה. נוירולוגית: עדיין צניחת ראש.תנועות עיניים תקינות. ללא רפלקסי ילוד אין רפלקסי הגנה, לנדאו גבולי.רפלקסים גידיים תקינים. בבינסקי סמטרי.טונוס לא מוגבר בגפיים עליונות מופחת בגו ובגפיים תחתונות.

במסגרת הברור: בוצע EEG שהדגים היפסאריתמיה. בוצע CT ראש שהדגים נודולים סב-אפנדימלים בגבול החדרים הלטרלים. אבחנה: Tuberous sclerosis presenting as Infantile spasms. לסכום:פגור התפתחותי, כתמים היפופיגמנטרים על העור,תנועות משונות....

Infantile Spasm: Where does spasm start?

Definition of West Syndrome Infantile spasms Hypsarrhythmia Developmental plateau, regression or delay

Etiology Symptomatic Idiopathic Cryptogenic

Acquired: Intra-uterine, perinatal, postnatal infection, ischemic event: stroke, SVT, HIE,PVL, trauma, brain tumors Genetic: Brain malformations due to a known genetic etiology: T.S, ARX,x-linked lissencephaly- doublecortin, Known genes for M.R : rett-like CDKL5, Chromosomal aberrations: Ring chromosome 20, 4p-, 1p -,chromosom15 duplication. Metabolic diseases: NKH, B6 dependant,PKU, mitochondrial-Leigh syndrome

ILAE Classification of Seizures 1.Localization-related a.Idiopathic b.Symptomatic 2.Generalized a.Idiopathic b.Idiopathic and/or symptomatic c.Symptomatic 3.Undetermined 4.Special Syndromes