Measuring R&D Expenditure South East Asian Regional Workshop on Science, Technology and Innovation Statistics Hanoi, Viet Nam 5-8 December 2011 Zahia Salmi

R&D expenditure - general issues Basic measure: intramural expenditures All expenditures for R&D performed within a statistical unit or sector of the economy Another measure: extramural expenditures covers payments for R&D performed outside the statistical unit or sector of the economy Current costs and capital expenditures are measured

R&D expenditure: current costs Current costs are composed of: labour costs of R&D personnel »annual wages and salaries »all associated costs or fringe benefits Share of R&D in total labour costs: could be estimated using R&D coefficients derived from time-use studies; (could be applied at an appropriate level; individual, institute, department, university). other current costs »materials, supplies and equipment (incl. water, gas and electricity); »books, journals, reference materials, subscriptions; »materials for laboratories; »costs for on-site consultants; »administrative and other overhead costs; »costs for indirect services; »labour costs of non-R&D personnel. Current costs may be prorated if necessary to allow for non-R&D activities within the same statistical unit.

R&D expenditure: capital expenditure Capital expenditures: annual gross expenditures on fixed assets used in the R&D programmes of statistical units »land and buildings »instruments and equipment »computer software Share of R&D in Capital expenditure and Other current costs: could be estimated (by the institutes) on the basis of intended use. If intended use is not feasible as a criterion, the same distribution coefficients as for labour costs may be used. Expenditure should be reported in full for the period when it took place All depreciation provisions, whether real or imputed, should be excluded

R&D expenditure – general issues (cont) R&D involves significant transfers of resources among units, organisations and sectors In particular between government and other performers Important information for science policy R&D expenditure = resources actually spent on R&D activities, rather than only budgeted. For sound data rely on responses of R&D performers rather than funding agencies

Measuring R&D expenditure A statistical unit may have intramural and extramural expenditures on R&D The full procedure for measuring expenditures: Identify intramural expenditure on R&D performed by each statistical unit Identify the sources of funds as reported by the performer Aggregate the data by sectors of performance and sources of funds to derive significant national totals Optional: Identify the extramural R&D expenditures of each statistical unit

Sources of R&D expenditure Criteria for identifying flows of R&D funds There must be a direct transfer of resources The transfer must be both intended and used for the performance of R&D

Public general university funds (GUF) Universities draw on three types of funds to finance their R&D R&D contracts and earmarked grants from government and other outside sources credited to their original source Universities own funds Income from endowments, shareholdings and property fees from individual students subscriptions to journals sale of serum or agricultural produce General grant from the ministry of education (or corresponding authorities) in support of their overall research/teaching activities the R&D content of these public general university funds should be credited to government as a source of funds.

Institutional classification Business enterprise All firms, enterprises whose primary activity is the market production of goods or services for sale Private non-profit institutions mainly serving business Public enterprises Government All government departments, offices, research institutions, etc Non-profit institutions (NPI) controlled and mainly financed by government Excludes public enterprises Higher education All universities, colleges of technology and other post-secondary education institutions Clinics, experimental stations operating under the direct control of or administered by or associated with higher education institutions Private non-profit Non-market, private non-profit institutions serving households; also private individuals or households Abroad (only as source of fund) All institutions and individuals located outside the political borders of a country International organisations (except business enterprises) within the countrys borders

GERD: Sector of performance and source of funds PerformersPerformers PNP: 240 (12%) HE: 530 (27%) GOV: 800 (40%) BE: 430 (22%) TOTAL GERD: 2000 SourcesSources BE: 400 (20%) GOV: 950 (48%) HE: 200 (10%) PNP: 250 (13%) Abroad: 200 (10%) PNP: 250 (13%) HE: 200 (10%) GOV: 950 (48%) BE: 400 (20%) GERD: Gross domestic expenditure on R&D

Funding sectors (Sources of funds) Sectors of performance Total Business enterprise GovernmentHigher education Private non-profit Business enterprise financed by BE Government financed by GOV Public general university funds (GUF) Included above financed by GUF Higher education financed by HE Private non-profit (PNP) financed by PNP Funds from Abroad Foreign enterprise (Within group/Other) Foreign govt. EU Intl. org. Other financed by abroad Total430 Total performed by BE 800 Total performed by GOV 530 Total performed by HE 240 Total performed by PNP 2000 TOTAL GERD GERD - matrix of performing and funding sectors

National totals Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD): total intramural expenditure on R&D performed on the national territory during a given period. includes R&D performed within a country (which financed by national institutions and also funded from abroad) but excludes payments for R&D performed abroad. constructed by adding together the intramural expenditures of the four performing sectors. Gross national expenditure on R&D (GNERD): total expenditure on R&D financed by a countrys institutions during a given period. includes R&D performed abroad but financed by national institutions or residents; it excludes R&D performed within a country but funded from abroad. constructed by adding the domestically financed intramural expenditures of each performing sector and the R&D performed abroad but financed by domestic funding sectors

Classifications Institutional classification Type of activity Fields of Science Socio-Economic Objective

Type of activity Basic research Applied research Experimental development

Fields of Science (FoS 2007) 1. Natural Sciences 1.1 Mathematics 1.2 Computer and information sciences 1.3 Physical sciences 1.4 Chemical sciences 1.5 Earth and related environmental sc. 1.6 Biological sciences 1.7 Other natural sciences 2. Engineering and Technology 2.1 Civil engineering 2.2 Electrical, electronic, information eng. 2.3 Mechanical engineering 2.4 Chemical engineering 2.5 Materials engineering 2.6 Medical engineering 2.7 Environmental engineering 2.8 Environmental Biotechnology 2.9Industrial biotechnology 2.10 Nano-technology 2.11 Other engineering and tech. 3. Medical and Health Sciences 3.1 Basic medicine 3.2 Clinical medicine 3.3 Health sciences 3.4Health biotechnology 3.5 Other medical sciences 4. Agricultural Sciences 4.1 Agriculture, forestry, and fishery 4.2 Animal and dairy science 4.3 Veterinary sciences 4.4Agricultural biotechnology 4.5 Other agricultural sciences 5. Social Sciences 5.1 Psychology 5.2 Economics and business 5.3 Educational sciences 5.4 Sociology 5.5 Law 5.6 Political Science 5.7 Social and economic geography 5.8 Media and communications 5.9 Other social sciences 6. Humanities 6.1 History and archaeology 6.2 Languages and literature 6.3 Philosophy, ethics and religion 6.4 Art 6.5 Other humanities

Socio-economic objectives (SEO) (based on NABS 2007) 1.Exploration and exploitation of the earth 2.Environment 3.Exploration and exploitation of space 4.Transport, telecommunication and other infrastructures 5.Energy 6.Industrial production and technology 7.Health 8.Agriculture 9.Education 10.Culture, recreation, religion and mass media 11.Political and social systems, structures and processes 12.General advancement of knowledge 13.Defence

Summary R&D Expenditure: Definitions Intramural expenditures; Extramural expenditures; Current costs; Capital expenditures Measurement of R&D expenditure Procedure for measuring expenditures; flows of R&D funds; GERD Matrix; sector of performance; sources of funds

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