High Energy Astrophysics - Detectors & Missions Dr. Gerald J. (Jerry) Fishman NASA – Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, AL USA July 4, 2002

High Energy Astrophysics Usual Methods of Study: X-ray Astronomy Gamma-Ray Astronomy Cosmic Ray Astrophysics But Also: Radio, Optical, IR, … (And Two New Astronomies: Neutrino Astronomy Gravitational Astronomy )

Electromagnetic Spectrum / Temperature Scale

V.F. Hess (1883-1964) – Nobel Prize 1936 C.R. Discovery V.F. Hess (1883-1964) – Nobel Prize 1936

X-ray & Gamma-Ray “Telescopes” Collimator Coded Aperture Grazing Incidence Mirror Nothing (Un-collimated) . Aperture: Detector: CCD Proportional Counter Scintillation Detector .

Gamma-Ray “Telescopes” : High-Energy Gamma-Ray “Telescopes” : - Compton Telescope - Pair-tracking Telescope - Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope

High-Energy Photon Interactions - the Basis for all Detectors Photoelectric Effect Compton Scattering Pair Production

Photoelectric Interaction Photon knocks out a bound electron, losing all of its energy to the electron CCDs, Proportional Counters, Scintillation Detectors, . .

Scintillation Detectors, Compton Telescope Compton Scattering Photon scatters off of an electron, losing part of its energy to the electron and continues in another direction Scintillation Detectors, Compton Telescope

Used in: Pair-tracking Telescope Pair Production A very high energy electron interacts with matter and produces an electron-positron pair (E=mc2) Used in: Pair-tracking Telescope

UHURU (SAS-1) First X-ray Astronomy Satellite 1970-1974

High Energy Astronomy Observatory HEAO Program: 1978 - 1982 High Energy Astronomy Observatory - Had Observational Support from AAVSO

The Great Observatories (4) : Hubble Space Telescope 1990 - ~2010 Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory 1991 - 2000 Chandra X-Ray Observatory 1999 - ~2010 SIRTF (Space InfraRed Telescope Facility) 2003 - ~2006 High Energy Missions

X-Ray Astronomy Collimated Detectors (Non-Focusing) ( - Primarily for sky surveys and timing studies) Timeframe Uhuru (SAS-1), ANS, Ariel-5, SAS-3, HEAO-A1, … 1970s EXOSAT, WATCH/GRANAT, … 1980s BeppoSAX, Rossi-XTE 1990s

Focusing X-Ray Optics

X-ray Astronomy (Focusing) Einstein (HEAO-2) Currently in Orbit & Operational: CHANDRA XMM-Newton Future: XEUS Constellation-X

Constellation – X (Con-X) Four identical satellites ~100x present sensitivity Launched singly or in pairs Extended truss in orbit

Constellation – X (Con-X) Two Spacecraft in Atlas V Shroud

Constellation-X Sensitivity

XEUS The Xeus Mirror Spacecraft:

XEUS Two-Component S/C - flying in formation with Space Station

Gamma-Ray Astronomy – Future Developments CGRO Hard X-rays & GRBs Nuclear H.E. Gammas (>20 MeV) BATSE OSSE COMPTEL EGRET HETE-2 SWIFT INTEGRAL Future: GLAST EXIST - Distant Future ACT - Distant Future CGRO

SWIFT ~1000 GRBs studied over a three year period 0.3-2.5 arcsec positions for each GRB Multiwavelength observatory (gamma, X-ray, UV and optical) 20-70s reaction time Five times more sensitive than BATSE Spectroscopy from 0.2-150 keV Six colors covering 170-650nm Capability to directly measure redshift GRB Positions publicly distributed within seconds

SWIFT

The INTEGRAL Mission Scheduled for Launch: Oct. 2002 Two Major Instruments: IBIS & SPIE Energy Range: 15 keV to 20 MeV

The SPIE Instrument on the INTEGRAL Spacecraft Coded Aperture >> Coded Aperture >> Ge Detector Array >>

GLAST

GLAST Large Area Telescope (LAT) Pair-Tracker Section >> Scintillation Detector >>

GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) Principal Investigator: Charles Meegan, MSFC No. Detectors: 14 NaI  (12)    5keV - 1 MeV BGO  (2)    150 keV - 30 MeV Un-collimated Scint. Detector Array

Energetic X-ray Imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST) Obscured AGNs GRBs out to z ~20-30 (~20X BATSE; ~5X Swift sensitivity) All-sky imaging (5’ resolution; ~5-50”position) every 95min

Detector-collimator & Telescope EXIST Side View Detector-collimator & Telescope

EUSO – Extreme Energy Cosmic Rays Observed via optical emissions from above:

Neutrino Astronomy Large Amount of Material Needed to Interact with and Detect Neutrinos

Gravitational Wave Astronomy Space Ground LISA LIGO

LIGO

LISA Mission LISA : Scientific Objectives LISA : Scientific Objectives LISA - Baseline, 3 S/C

X-ray Astronomy in Japan Hakucho 1979-1985 Tenma 1983-1989 Ginga 1987-1991 ASCA 1993-2001

ASTRO-E2

The End

Back-up slides

Centaurus A

High Energy Astrophysics - The study of objects and regions of space where the energy density is much greater than that of normal stars and galaxies Some Objects of HEA: Compact Objects* & Binary Systems Cosmic Rays Solar Flares AGNs GRBs, … * - BHs, Neutron stars, Strange stars

Gamma-Ray Astronomy - Evolution Balloon Flights – Continuous Development of Instrumentation, Techniques & Initial Observations Early, Small Spacecraft: Explorer-11, SAS-3, COS-B Later, Major Spacecraft: HEAO-1, HEAO-3, GRANAT/SIGMA Compton GRO Hard X-rays & GRBs Nuclear H.E. Gammas (>20 MeV) BATSE OSSE COMPTEL EGRET

The IBIS Instrument on the INTEGRAL Spacecraft

Future Japanese X-ray Mission – ASTRO-E2 Astro-E lost at launch, Feb. 2000 Astro-E2 Planned for Feb. 2005 ~170 Layers of Nested X-ray Mirrors 4.5-meter Focal Length Three Major Instruments: X-ray Spectrometer X-ray Imaging Spectrometer Hard X-ray Imaging Detectors