Course Schedule (cont) two Principles of Testing Principles of Testing Principles of Assessment Principles of Assessment Conducting a PPC Conducting a PPC PPC Tolerances PPC Tolerances

Course Schedule two Principles of Testing Principles of Testing Principles of Assessment Principles of Assessment Conducting a PPC Conducting a PPC PPC Tolerances PPC Tolerances

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing

General Principles A good test should be: 1) Valid 2) Reliable 3) Comprehensive 4) Discriminating 5) Objective Principles of Testing

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing Validity

Does test measure what it is supposed to measure? 1) make the test realistic 2) make the test complete 3) apply standards carefully 4) no test of items outside std Validity

Which is the most valid? 1) describe action in briefing 2) simulate action in aircraft 3) do action in aircraft 4) do action in simulator Validity Example

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing Reliability

How accurately does it measure what it measures? Must be consistent: 1) Avoid extremes - distractions - aircraft - weather 2) Plan compensations (eg. V1 ) - beforehand - carefully Reliability

Which test is most reliable? 1) PPC in marginal VFR weather 2) PPC in good weather, light winds 3) PPC in good weather, strong winds 4) PPC in IFR weather near minima Reliability Example

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing Comprehensive

The test must include all the relevant sequences - important "need to know" info - do not focus on details - vary the program from test to test - change approaches, sequences, emergencies (where discretion) Comprehensiveness

Which test is most comprehensive? 1) departure, steep turns, hold, NDB, ILS 2) dep, hold, ILS, ILS, VOR 3) dep, hold, ILS, VOR 4) dep, steep turns, LOC (BC), PAR Comprehensiveness Example

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing Discriminating

Detects different levels of achievement - separate qualified from unqualified - this is main goal of test - rank those who are qualified - use overall performance for borderline cases Discrimination

Which test is most discriminating? 1) no oral test before flight 2) oral test before flight with general briefing 3) oral test and specific test sequences 4) oral test before and during flight Discrimination Example

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing Objective

Test outcome must not be affected by personal examiner 1) do not impose your own standards 2) adhere to standards in FM, SOP, AOM and DCP Manual 3) do not let rating errors affect your assessment 4) carefully record events as they occur Objectivity

Which written assessment is most objective? 1) poor judgment during emergency 2) excessive swing during engine fail 3) altitude 100ft low inbd to beacon 4) airspeed unstable on final Objectivity Example

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing

1) Error of Standards 2) Error of Central Tendency 3) Error of Halo 4) Error of Logic 5) Error of Familiarity 6) Error of Narrow Criterion Common Rating Errors

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing Error of central tendancy

Rate of performance at centre of scale Hesitant to give excellent or poor ratings Affects all assessments by this observer Most common with inexperienced observers Error of Central Tendency

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing Error of Standards

Use personal standards to rate others If good at it - rate harder If poor at it - rate easier Affects all assessments by this observer Error of Standards

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing Error of Halo

Allow general impression to affect rating Can be favourable or unfavourable Affects only certain persons rated Can include stereotypes Error of halo

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing Error of Logic

When several similar traits Traits are related in mind of observer Could relate engine fail at V1 to SE landing Observer generally not aware of error Error of Logic

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing Error of Familiarity

n Grading objectivity weakened n Accustomed to weaknesses and eccentricities n Occurs over long period of time n Stop and regain perspective

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing Error of Narrow Criterion

n Related to assigning rating n Often occurs in assessing two-crew or multi-crew assessments n One who does the best of perhaps a marginal performance obtains a high rating

Outline General Principles Common Rating Errors Self-study handout Principles of Testing

Course Schedule day 2 Principles of Testing Principles of Testing Principles of Assessment Principles of Assessment Conducting a PPC Conducting a PPC PPC Tolerances PPC Tolerances

Outline PPC general guidelines Assessment format Overall assessment Principles of Assessment

Outline PPC general guidelines Assessment format Overall assessment Principles of Assessment

1) Take note soon after event 2) Terminate test if failure 3) Allowance for turbulence 4) No advice, criticisms, training or demonstrations 5) Create realistic scenarios 6) Do not simulate multiple, unrelated failures PPC general guidelines

7)PPC - Use Designated Check Pilot Manual 8) Simulated weather at or below minimums 9) Need a "U" to fail 10) Take weather info into account in scenarios 11) PNF responsible if gross deviations, violations PPC general guidelines (cont)

According to the following publications: DCP Manual PPC - AFM - AOM, Pilot Operating Handbook - Operations Manual - SOP Manual IFT - Instrument Procedures Manual - Approach Procedures (Jepp) - Company Procedures Performance Assessment

Outline PPC general guidelines Assessment format Overall assessment Principles of Assessment

S exercise flown within acceptable tolerances and procedures correct and effective SB a brief excursion from the criteria or a deviation from standard practices. Corrected by acknowledging the deviation during de-briefing; or regaining the criteria during flight U gross excursions from acceptable tolerances or a violation of airspace or clearance or a fault in procedure that could create an unsafe or ineffective situation PPC Assessment Format

S - Minor errors only - Airspeed and altitude control acceptable - Handling and knowledge are acceptable and safe considering the experience of the candidate PPC Assessment Format

U - Endanger aircraft, passenger, crew; - It results in a crash; - Multiple errors made in one exercise; - Violates ATC clearance or an altitude; - Major deviation from standard procedures or practices or safety was jeopardized; - Candidate required continued prompting or help from other candidate; - It exceeds aircraft limitations; or - Candidates demonstrates unsatisfactory knowledge of systems, equipment, or procedures PPC Assessment Format

SB - Aircraft handling and knowledge are safe but of a lower standard that can be corrected by briefing; - Brief excursion from tolerances but corrected promptly; - Deviated from SOP but did not create a more hazardous situation and is clarified by candidate - Candidate experienced some difficulty or required slight prompting to accomplish the task PPC Assessment Format

Outline PPC general guidelines Assessment format Overall assessment Principles of Assessment

is it safe and effective? are criteria broken? are any fail points done? is crew concept used? are crew in control of situation? are procedues known and executed? are limitations adhered to? does an error create an unsafe situation? are errors recognized and corrected? would you send your family with this pilot? Overall Performance

Course Schedule day 2 Principles of Testing Principles of Testing Principles of Assessment Principles of Assessment Conducting a PPC Conducting a PPC PPC/IFT Tolerances PPC/IFT Tolerances

Outline Flight test requirements - PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments Conducting a PPC

Outline Flight test requirements PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments Conducting a PPC

PRE-FLIGHT - Flt planning - weather, fuel, NOTAMs, W&B - IFR x-country exercise for initials - Cockpit checks and ident of NAVAIDS - Read back and interpretation of an ATC clearance - Take-off and passenger briefings DEPARTURE AND ENROUTE - Transition to instruments - Climb and level flight - Use of NAVAIDS and adherence to ATC clearance PPC Requirements

AIRWORK - Applicant Should Perform: Medium and steep turns Hold Tracking on VOR and NDB Failure of AI and DI - timed turns, S&L - climbs and descents - optional for renewals PPC Requirements (cont)

TERMINAL PROCEDURES Transition to approach should be flown At least 2 approaches to minima - ILS and NPA required for initials - different approaches if possible - NDB recommended Missed approach Circling (optional) Landing from an instrument approach EMERGENCIES One asymmetric approach should be done No multiple unrelated failures PPC Requirements (cont)

Typical Large Type Aircraft 2 T/O's 2 landings (one asymmetric) asymmetric instrument approach engine fail after T/O RTO (mandatory in SIM) engine fail on rejected ldg/MAP circling if company limits<1000/3 refer to DCP Manual Chap 7 Schedule I PPC Additional Requirements

Typical Small Type Aircraft 2 T/O's 2 landings (one assymetric) steep turns approach to stall - ldg and T/O RTO (mandatory in SIM) refer to DCP Manual Chap7 Schedule II PPC Additional Requirements

Outline Flight test requirements - PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments Conducting a PPC

Before meeting candidate - check weather - applicant's info - plan IFR x-country exercise - plan oral questions After meeting candidate - ensure admission req'ts met - ensure aircraft is ready for IFR flight - check accuracy of log, flt plan, W&B - test knowledge of weather and NOTAMs - test IFR knowledge and aircraft limitations Pre-Flight Preparation

Valuable part of any flight test Can be used to identify changes Can provide feedback on weak training areas Ask "why" questions Cover only "need-to-know" material Vary questions from test to test Oral Questions

"Need to know" a/c speeds if not familiar with type: VrefVr Hold Vmca Engine out approach Use these briefed speeds to assess speed control Aircraft Limitations

- Radio, 2 nav radios, aircraft instruments - C of A, C of R, - Journey log book - Compass swing (12 months) - Static pressure check (24 months) - Altimeter certified (24 months) - Weight and Balance report - Radio station license Aircraft IFR Requirements ( general aviation requirements)

private location, calm atmosphere entire flight is IMC at minimum clear who is PIC description of major test components responsibility for radios and clncs cockpit checks to be done per SOP crew responsibilities and coordination emergencies - use of "SIMULATED" how engine failure to be simulated "FIELD IN SIGHT" or overshoot candidates QUESTIONS Pre-Flight Briefing

Outline Flight test requirements - PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios - Exercise Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments Conducting a PPC

Make efficient use of time Create realistic scenarios Liaise with ATC early No overloading Minimize re-positioning in Sim Use proper ATC terminology Flight Test Scenarios

Outline Flight test requirements - PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments Conducting a PPC

Check Pilot assuming crew duties RTO Engine fail after V 1 Rejected landing with engine fail Engine out landing Approach to stall Safe Checking Practices

Advise points in order Include location, atmosphere, tone Quiet location no distraction De-Brief After Flight Test

Outline Flight test requirements - PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments Conducting a PPC

Post-Flight Briefing Pass advise applicant of outcome establish a positive atmosphere highlight above-average performance de-brief as per written notes identity major (possibly minor) errors Fail advise applicant of outcome establish a positive atmosphere highlight above average performance explain reasons for failure de-brief other major errors advise regarding training and re-test

Outline Flight test requirements - PPC Pre-flight preparation/briefing Flight test scenarios Safe checking practices Post-flight briefing Written comments Conducting a PPC

Should be factual Clear and concise Must support assessment Required for "U" and "SB" No sermons or teaching Relate assessments to PPC tolerances Written Comments

Course Schedule day 2 Principles of Testing Principles of Testing Principles of Assessment Principles of Assessment Conducting a PPC Conducting a PPC PPC Tolerances PPC Tolerances

Outline Statistics DCP Manual PPC fail points DCP Manual tolerances: PPC Tolerances

Outline Statistics ACP Manual IFT fail points PPC fail points ACP Manual tolerances PPC/IFT Tolerances

IFT Failure Items RENEWAL NDB 28% HOLD 23% ILS 13% TRANSITION 8% LOC 5% VOR 5% DEPARTURE 5% INITIAL NDB 29% HOLD 26% ILS 26% DEPARTURE 7% TRANSITION 6% FLT. PLANNING 6% HANDLING 4%

Outline Statistics DCP Manual PPC fail points DCP Manual tolerances PPC Tolerances

from DCP Manual assigned headings within 10 degrees -assigned tracks and bearings within 10 degrees -altitude within 100 ft except at MDA when accurate altitude control is required -airspeed within 10 knots for holding, approach, and missed approach;and -not more than half scale deflection, as appropriate to aircraft type, of course deviation indicators during instrument approaches -assumes no unusual circumstances; wx,turbulence, malfunction(s), and type of approach may modify tolerances DCP Criteria

Outside DCP Manual, AFM, IFR Procedures No check of flt instruments before flight No check or incorrect use of icing systems No check of electrical charging system Wrong altimeter setting Vital actions checklist item missed Non-compliance with ATC clearance No communication with ATC when required No ident or monitor of NAVAIDs Comm fail procedures Inability to establish cleared holding pattern fail Points

Loss of directional control Wrong corrective action for swing Exceeding airframe or engine limitations Rotation before Vr Failure to comply with departure clearance Vital action check missed Tolerance Example 1 Take-off

Loss of separation due to failure to follow clearance No prompt corrective action when DCP criteria exceeded Unable to complete a successful landing Exceeding airframe or engine limitations Tolerance Example 2 Intstrument Approaches

Systems Malfunctions Vital action check missed Missing a check which could create an unsafe situation Exceeding airframe or engine limitations Missed Approach Not following published procedure or clearance Tolerance Example 3

Questions?