What is this? Won o arrest a single person. This morning I hantar my baby tu dekat babysitter tu lah. Kio ke six seven hours te school de vic spend kurde ne they are speaking English all the time

Code-switching Language contact – may lead to co- existence of 2 or more languages Diglossia – languages used in different domains – Classical and spoken Arabic, BM and Malay dialects Mixing/switching infrequent

Code-switching and mixing Code-switching (intersentential) change from one language or dialect to another – sentences or utterances in one language Code-mixing (intrasentential) – inside a sentence – elements of one language incorporated in another – words, phrases, particles

continued Difficult to distinguish from borrowing What is SingE lets go makan? Key may be acquisition of morphological, orthographical and phonological features – diskriminasikan is a loan word

Attitudes Not a subject of serious study until recently Often stigmatised – bahasa rojak Lazy etc Threat to languages Often confused with language change/death and borrowing

continued Code-mixing often precedes language shift/death East Sutherland Gaelic, Hungarian to German shift in Oberwart But may also occur in stable bilingual situation

Affective causes Change of mood – in Oberwart a switch to German adds force to a statement In Haiti, patois (French Creole) is used to express intimacy, Standard French to create social distance In Paraguay, jokes and insults are in Guarani rather than Spanish

continued Taiwanese Chinese – use English obscenities Words of affection Malay – you – because status neutral?

Social Causes Languages associated with domains Code-switching indicates passage from one domain to another MC Malay mother scolds children in English for problems at school, in Malay for neglecting religious obligations Malaysia conferences open with doa in Malay

continued Malaysia – arguments after accidents in English Insurance policies in English? Chinese salesman and customer – after greetings, lets get down to business

continued Social solidarity – Africans often address strangers in a lingua franca – Swahili, English pidgin or creole, Lingala, Zulu, Hausa – switch to another language if from same ethnic group May revert to LF to avoid obligations – job or loan

continued Social identity – Africans wish to express ethnic/national loyalty and appear modern and educated India – Persianisation/ Englishisation of local languages India – code-mixing is a marker of education, religion, geographical origin, caste

continued Increase social distance or assert status Latin phrases by English lawyers French in 19 th century Russia and Italy

Political causes Code-mixing may indicate political identity Irish phrases by Irish nationalists in NI Arabic phrases by conservatives in Iran and Indonesia

Example 1990s –East Jerusalem Arab shopkeeper you want bracelets (E) Israeli soldier 1: How much? (E) SK you want this one or this one? (E) S2 those arent pretty (H) S1 thats not pretty (A) SK pretty (A) Like women soldiers (H)

Variation in code switching England – Jamaican patois avoided in formal situations or with white speaker More common in informal situations and with black speaker Two factors -- ethnic solidarity and marker of formality

Types of mixing New York Hispanics used several types depending on proficiency Usually words or phrases Usually signalled metalinguistically Dominant bilinguals -- tags Balanced bilinguals -- phrases

Continued Canada – lot of English-French intersentential switching Balanced bilingualism Role of proficiency? Status of languages?