LIS651 lecture 2 mySQL and PHP mySQL functions Thomas Krichel

today Today I talk about –arrays and table (again, since this causes problems) –some basic mySQL commands –a PHP interface to mySQL called mysqli Today you do –create a table with phpmyadmin –write PHP scripts to read/write data to the table using the web

arrays and tables Arrays seem to cause the most confusion in student understanding. An array is just a way for PHP to address multiple things as one variable. Arrays can be of multiple dimensions. This is typically the case when the array represents the contents of a table.

example Here is an example table nametype brewerrating price Bruch Festbockdark Bruchgood 1.18 Balitka 8wheat Baltika good 0.88 Budweiserlight A.-B.lousy 0.99 typically, records appear in lines and fields in columns.

one way to set out the table $beers[0]['name']='Bruch Landbock'; $beers[0]['type']='dark'; $beers[0]['brewer']='Bruch; …. $beers[2]['price']=0.99; Here, records are a numeric array. Fields are string arrays that are members of the numeric array. What instruction would improve the rating of Budweiser?

another way … $beer=array( 'name'=> 'Bruch Landbock', type=>'dark', 'brewer'=> 'Bruch', 'rating'=>'good', price=>'1.18'); $beers[]=$beer; … $beer=array( 'name'=>'Budweiser', type=>'light', 'brewer'=>'A.-B.', 'rating'=>'lousy', price=>0.99); $beers[]=$beer; This will give the same array as before.

yet another way, as a matrix $names=array('Bruch Landbock', 'Baltika 8','Budweiser'); $types=array( 'dark', 'wheat', 'light' ); $brewers=array( 'Bruch', 'Baltika', 'A.-B.'); $ratings=array( 'good', 'good', 'lousy'); $prices=array(1.18,0.88,0.99); $beers=array( $names, $types,$brewers,$ratings, $prices); What instruction would improve the rating of Budweiser?

another way to set out the table $names=array('Bruch Landbock', 'Baltika 8','Budweiser'); $types=array( 'dark', 'wheat', 'light' ); $brewers=array( 'Bruch', 'Baltika', 'A.-B.'); $ratings=array( 'good', 'good', 'lousy'); $prices=array(1.18,0.88,0.99); $beers=array( 'name'=>$names, 'type'=>$types, 'brewer'=> $brewers, 'rating'=>$ratings, 'price'=>$prices); What instruction would improve the rating of Budweiser?

using mySQL mySQL server is installed on wotan. It is a daemon that deals with client requests. There is also a tty client installed. To use it you log into wotan and type mysql -u user -p and then you type in your password. We will cover this in the last lecture.

uppercase and lowercase Traditionally SQL commands are written with uppercase. mySQL commands are really case-insensitive. But variable names in the commands are case- sensitive. I will therefore write them in lowercase.

CREATE DATABASE CREATE DATABASE a mySQL command to create a new database. Example CREATE DATABASE newbase; creates a database newbase. You have no privileges to create a database. But I dont see the reason you wanting to do that.

GRANT This is a command to create users and give them privileges. A simplified general syntax is GRANT privileges ON item TO user_name [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'] [WITH GRANT OPTION] If you use WITH GRANT OPTION, you allow the user to grant other users the privileges that you have given to her.

user privilegesI SELECTallows users to select (read) records from tables. Generally select is a word used for read in databases. INSERTallows users to insert new rows into tables. UPDATEallows users to change values in existing table rows. DELETEallows users to delete table rows (records) INDEX allows user to index tables

user privilegesII ALTERallows users to change the structure of the database. –adding columns –renaming columns or tables –changing the data types of tables DROP allows users to delete databases or tables. In general, the word drop refers to deleting database or tables.

user privilegesIII CREATEallows users to create new databases or tables. If a specific table or database is mentioned in the GRANT statement, users can only create that database or table, which will mean that they have to drop it first. USAGEallows users nothing. This is a useful point to start with if you just want to create a user.

REVOKE This is the opposite of GRANT.

current setup As the super user, I did CREATE DATABASE user_name; GRANT ALL ON user_name TO user_name IDENTIFIED BY 'secret_word' WITH GRANT OPTION; Here –user_name is your wotan user name –secret_word is your secret word –ALL means all rights

create a web user You do not want to give the same access rights to people coming in from the web as you have. You do not want to do this. You personally have too many privileges. I have yet to find out how you can create a web user by yourself.

creating tables This is done conveniently in phpmyadmin. Here is an example for real SQL code CREATE TABLE customers (customer_id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, name CHAR(50) NOT NULL, address CHAR(100) NOT NULL, CHAR(40), state CHAR(2) NOT NULL);

column data types TINYINT can hold a number between -128 and 127 or between 0 to 255. BIT or BOOL are synonyms for the TINYINT. SMALLINT can hold a number between and or 0 and INT can hold a number between -2**31 and 2**31-1 or between 0 and 2**32-1. INTEGER is a synonym for INT. BIGINT can hold a number between -2**63 and 2**61-1 or between 0 and 2**64-1.

column data types: float FLOAT is a floating number on 4 bytes DOUBLE is a floating number on 8 bytes DECIMAL(x,y) where x is the number of digits before the decimal point and y is the number of digits after the decimal point.

column data types: dates DATE is a day from to TIME is a time from -838:59:59 to 838:59:59 DATETIME is a date and time, usually displayed as YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS TIMESTAMP is the number of seconds since at 0 hours. This number may run out in 2037.

field options PRIMARY KEY says that this column is a the primary key. There can be only one such column. Values in the column must be unique. AUTO_INCREMENT can be used on columns that contain integer values. NOT NULL requires the field not to be empty.

USE USE database tells mySQL to start working with the database database. If you have not issued a USE command, you can still address a table table by using database.table, where datebase is the name of your database and table is the name of your table. You are using the dot to link the two together.

addressing database tables columns Let there by a database database with a table table and some column column. Then it is addressed as database.table.column. Parts of this notation can be left out if it is clear what is meant, for example if you have issued USE database before, you can leave out the database part.

INSERT INSERT inserts new rows into a table. In its simples form INSERT INTO table VALUES (value1, value2,..); Example: INSERT INTO products VALUES ('','Neufang Pils',1.23); Note that in the example, I insert the null string in the first column because it is an auto_increment. Mark Sandford says: If you use an auto_increment variable, you may as well have it last.

partial INSERT If you are only giving a part of a record, or if you want to enter them in a different order you will have to give a list of column names. INSERT INTO products (name,id) VALUES ('Neufang Pils','');

SELECT This is the SQL statement to select rows from a table. Here is the full syntax: SELECT [options] columns [INTO file_details] FROM table [WHERE conditions] [GROUP BY group_type] [HAVING where_definitions] [ORDER BY order_type] [LIMIT limit_criteria] [PROCEDURE proc_name(arguments)] [lock_options]

columns to SELECT You can have a comma-separated list of columns SELECT name, price FROM products; You can use the star to get all columns SELECT * FROM products;

WHERE condition to SELECT = means equality WHERE id = 3 >, =, <= and != also work as expected IS NULL tests if the value is null IS NOT NULL IN allows you to give a set WHERE state IN ("NY","NJ","CT")

SELECT using multiple tables table1,table2 can be used to join both tables to build a big table that can be searched SELECT orders.id FROM customers, orders WHERE customers.id= 3 This type of join is a Cartesian product aka a full join. For each row of the first table, it adds rows from the second table.

ORDER You can order by a field by saying ORDER BY. You can add ASC or DESC to achieve ascending or descending order. SELECT name, address FROM customers ORDER BY name ASC

LIMIT This can be used to limit the amount of rows. LIMIT This is useful it web sites where you show a selection of the results. This ends the discussion of the SELECT command.

UPDATE UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [IGNORE] table SET column1=expression1, column2=expression2... [WHERE condition] [ORDER BY order_criteria] [LIMIT number] ; This changes values in a row. An example is UPDATE students SET = WHERE name='Janice Insinga'; IGNORE instructs to ignore errors. LOW_PRIORITY instructs to delay if the server is busy.

DELETE DELETE [LOW_PRIORITY] [QUICK] [IGNORE] FROM table [WHERE condition] [ORDER BY order_criteria] [LIMIT number] Here is a very bad example DELETE FROM customers; Here is a good example DELETE FROM customers WHERE customer.name='Thomas Krichel;

PHP mySQL functions We are using here the new version of PHP mySQL function, starting with mysqli_ The interface is object-oriented, but can also be accessed in a non-object-oriented way. This is known as the procedural style, in the documentation. You should use the online documentation at

error suppression The function mentioned in this library usually report any error that has occurred. It can be useful to suppress such errors with the PHP error will run the function function without reporting mistakes. You can then create your own customized mistakes by checking for errors every time you run a mysqli function. This is useful.

mysqli_connect() This is used to establish a connection to the mySQL server. It is typically of the form mysqli_connect('host', 'user', 'password'); Example $link= mysqli_connect('localhost','boozer','heineken'); You can use localhost as the host name for wotan talking to itself, but you could also connect to other Internet hosts, if you have permission.

the mySQL connection with mysqli The mysqli module has the ability to handle several connections to the mySQL server. Once a connection is established it is represented by the variable returned by mysqli_connect(). This variable, of type "resource" has the be referenced later to let mysqli functions know what connection you are using, because there may be more than one open at the same time.

mysqli_connect_error() This function returns a string with the last connection error. $link = mysqli_connect("localhost", "bad_user", ""); if (!$link) { print "Can't connect to localhost. The error is "; print mysqli_connect_error(); print " "; } Note the use of ! to express Boolean "not".

mysqli_error( link ) This function return the error from the last mySQL command. It returns false if there was no error. $error=mysqli_error($link); if($error) { print "mySQL error: $error "; } This function requires the connection as a parameter. The value returned from that function is a simple string. It is a good idea to check out error messages.

mysqli_select_db() This command has the syntax mysqli_select_db(link,'database') where link is a resource representing a connection and database is the name of a database. This tells mySQL that you now want to use the database database. mysqli_select_db($link,'beer_shop'); It has the same effect as issuing USE beer_shop; within mySQL.

mysqli_query() mysqli_query(link,query) send the query string query to mySQL connection represented by link $link = mysqli_connect("localhost", "owner", "bruch"); // you may then add some connection checks $query="SELECT * FROM beer_shop.customers"; $result=mysqli_query($link,$query); Note that the query itself does not require a terminating semicolon. The result is in $result.

result of mysqli_query() For SELECT, SHOW, DESCRIBE or EXPLAIN mySQL queries, mysqli_query() returns a resource that can be further examined with mysqli_fetch_array(). This is very important function that we look at in the next slide. For UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE, DROP and others, mysqli_query() returns a Boolean value.

examining resulting rows mysqli_fetch_array(result) returns an array that is the result row for the resource result representing the most recent, or NULL if it the last result is reached. Its results in an array that contains the columns requested both by number and by column name: while($columns=mysqli_fetch_array($result)) { print 'name: '.$columns['name']; print 'first column:.$columns[0]; }

examining a specific result mysqli_data_seek(result, number) sets the array that is returned by mysqli_fetch_array to a number number. while($row=mysqli_fetch_array($result)) { print 'first column: '.$row[0]; } mysqli_data_seek($result,0); // otherwise the second loop would not work while($row=mysqli_fetch_array($result)) { print 'first column: '.$row[0]; }

mysqli_num_rows() This command has the syntax mysqli_select_db(result) where the resource result is the result of a query. It returns the number of rows that are in the result. This is useful in announcing the number results before display of results.

mysqli_real_escape_string() mysqli_real_escape_string( link,string) returns a string escaped for the using in mySQL. $name="John O'Guiness"; $s_name=mysqli_real_escape_string($link,$name); print $s_name; // prints: John O\'Guiness Note that this function makes a call to mySQL, therefore a connection must be established before the function can be used. This function guards against SQL injections.

mysqli_close(link) This command closes a connection. It requires the connection as an argument, so that it knows which connection to close. This is the happiest command there is, because it means that we have finished. Unfortunately it is not used very often because the mySQL connection is closed automatically when the script finishes running.

extra: sha1() This is a function that calculates a combination of 40 characters from a string. The result of sha1() can not be translated back into the original string. This makes it a good way to store password. $s_password=sha1($password);

Thank you for your attention! Please switch off machines b4 leaving!