The RePEc model for the academic digital library Thomas Krichel work partly sponsored by the Joint Information Systems Committee through its Electronic Libraries Programme

Early history of my interest 1991 Contents: Warwick Working Paper acquisitions lists in CoREJ Technology: lists Idea: distribute the acquisitions lists through lists leads to the foundation of BibEc 1992 Contents: Public domain software for TeX, emacs, etc Technology: anonymous ftp Idea: make papers available on public archive that are accessible on the Internet leads to the foundation of WoPEc

The Foundation of NetEc NetEc is a group of Internet-based services that help scholarly communication in Economics. It was founded in February 1993 on a gopher server at Manchester Computing. On the WWW since 1994, mirrored in Japan and the United States since The initial services were BibEc and WoPEc.

The BibEc project 1993 to 1997 Based mainly on acquisitions data for printed economics working papers from the Documentation Center of the Economics department at the University of Montreal. Run on a volunteer basis by Thomas Krichel and Fethy Mili Holdings go back to the late 1980s, around 40,000 items data is converted to html and placed on a web server

The WoPEc project 1993 to 1997 Central collection of bibliographic data on electronic working papers Initially unpaid volunteer work by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz and Thomas Krichel In JISC funding allows José Manuel to work full time on the project 5,000 papers in 1997

BibEc and WoPEc 1993 to 1997 Data converted to a whois++/IAFA like format static gopher/web pages updated periodically whois++ server (powered by digger of bunyip.com) with web- based fielded queries using an in-house query script WAIS index of the full-text pages WoPEc-announce and BibEc-announce mailing lists

Closely Related efforts EconWPA –manually integrated into WoPEc since 1994 Fed in Print –manually integrated into BibEc and WoPEc since 1994 departmental archives eg, Humbolt Universität, University of California San Diego DEGREE S-WoPEc

Related efforts: Other NetEc projects CodEc –Collection of computer code by Dirk Eddelbüttel WebEc –Collection of WWW links to resources for economists, by Lauri Saarinen joined NetEc in 1995 JokEc –Collection of jokes about economists, by Pasi Kuoppomäki, joined NetEc in 1997

Projects associated with NetEc They are mirrored on the NetEc sites, but are not part of NetEc: Resources for Economists on the Internet by William L. Goffe Economics Departments, Institutions and Research Centers (EDIRC) by Christian Zimmermann

Projects sponsored by NetEc since 1997 RePEc (1997--) NEP (1998--) HoPEc (founded 1997, reformed in1999, ongoing) I will come back to these activities later.

Summary 1997 A plethora of services, many live through centralized collection therefore not sustainable as the data mass increases, most have specific user interfaces to their data, many are mirrored.

Focus on the digital academic papers BibEc and WoPEc were centralized collections of metadata about documents held at various archives and from various providers, they needed to decentralize. In the early days of the projects, a distributed database approach was thought to be the way forward, for example using the whois++ protocol, or Dienst an alternative approach would to collect all papers in one archive, the approach that works successfully for arXiv.org but unsuccessfully for EconWPA Debate on centralized versus decentralized distribution

Bill Goffes vision 1995 What I would suggest is this: a distributed system with any number of sites, each mirroring each other. […] archives could "join" the system (say it was written in perl so could run on NT as well as Unix). Then you'd have the best of both worlds […] Such a system could easily grow with the profession's use of the net. Such a system would GREATLY benefit the profession. Bill suggested a system based on a system like usenet news.

The foundation of RePEc Founding fathers: the BibEc and WoPEc projects, DEGREE, S- WoPEc two initial drafts by Thomas Krichel were revised at a meeting in Guildford in May 1997 –ReDIF, a metadata format –The Guildford protocol, a convention how to store ReDIF on ftp or http servers

RePEc principle Many archives –archives offer metadata about digital objects (mainly working papers) One database –The data from all archives forms one single logical database despite the fact that it is held on different servers. Many services –users can access the data through many interfaces. –providers of archives offer their data to all interfaces at the same time. This provides for an optimal distribution.

Many archives decentralize the collection of data… At the end of 1999, there are more than 100 archives. Some are based with leading institutions (e.g. NBER, CEPR, US Federal Reserve Banks, OECD) and many small institutions (e.g. University of Salerno). There is some data from commercial publishers (e.g. Springer Verlag). Example: The RePEc:tky archive ftp://ftp.e.u-tokyo.ac.jp/pub/RePEc/tky managed by

…to form one dataset... over 80,000 items in over 1,000 series, contains working paper, published paper, software, personal and institutional data largest distributed free source about online scientific publications, over 18,000 electronic papers data is encoded using the purpose-built ReDIF format all archives follow a convention called the Guildford protocol on how to store ReDIF files and other data on their servers. Therefore the archives can be mirrored.

…used in many services. BibEc and WoPEc EDIRC IDEAS Decomate Z39.50 service NEP: New Economics Papers Inomics RuPEc HoPEc

The ReDIF metadata format relational metadata links separately described elements Author-Name: Thomas Krichel Author-Handle: RePEc:per: :thomas_krichel Handle: RePEc:sur:surrec:9801 Name: Thomas Krichel Author-Paper: RePEc:sur:surrec:9801 Handle: RePEc:per: :thomas_krichel shipped with syntax and relational control software

Personal and institutional data Since October 1999 the HoPEc service allows persons to claim relationships between them and the resource data in RePEc. For example a person can say that she is the editor of a series. The HoPEc project associates handles with individuals. These handles could be useful in many other circumstances, for example conferences and scholarly society membership lists. Many registering authors are able to give the EDIRC handle of their institutional affiliation

Areas not covered by RePEc No statistical dataset information No overall preservation strategy No overall usage logs across all services; this would be difficult to do No explicit peer-review services based on RePEc data; but that will change.

The RePEc vision It is a collaborative effort of community wide knowledge sharing by discpline champions and librarians. Once a critical mass of data and user services is reached outsiders face strong incentives to contribute. The relational features allow to share the burden of cataloguing and reduce the cost of keeping the collection up-to-date. RePEc promotes free exchange of data between academics. It fights the division of the world in information-rich and information-poor.

My ongoing work Introduce autonomous citation analysis for RePEc papers (funding decision pending) Build new datasets that use the same collection principles –ReLIS for Library and Information Science –ReCMaPComputing, Mathematics & Physics –ReSoSfor the broad social sciences Devise a syntax-independent and object-oriented version of ReDIF

But I can not do all this while being a lecturer in Economics... Conclusion: Hire me!