Shattered: Forensic Glass Analysis

What is Glass? “An inorganic product of fusion which has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing” “An inorganic product of fusion which has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing” Uniform amorphous solid Uniform amorphous solid No specific m.p. No specific m.p. Softens over a temperature Softens over a temperature range range

'Ordinary' sheet glass -made by passing the molten glass through rollers; process gives an almost flat finish but with distortions. -glass is used in glazing greenhouses and garden sheds where the visual distortions do not matter. Float glass (plate) Float glass gets its name from the method of production used to manufacture it. -molten glass is 'floated' onto a bed of molten tin -produces a glass which is flat and distortion free -process imparts a fluorescence to the glass [UV light]

Rolled GlassFloat Glass Float Glass Process

Toughened (Safety glass) -glass is produced by applying a special treatment to ordinary float glass after it has been cut to size and finished. -treatment involves heating the glass so that it begins to soften (about 620 C) and then rapidly cooling it. -produces a glass which, if broken, breaks into small pieces without sharp edges. Laminated glass -glass is made up of a sandwich of two or more sheets of glass (or plastic), bonded together by a flexible, normally transparent material. -if cracked or broken, the flexible material is designed to hold the glass fragments in place.

What’s in Glass? Network Components-Formers: Network Components-Formers: SiO 2, B 2 O 3, P 2 O 5, GeO 2, V 2 O 5, As 2 O 3, Sb 2 O 5 Fluxes–Softeners [lowers melting point]: Fluxes–Softeners [lowers melting point]: Na 2 O, K 2 O, LiO, Al 2 O 3, B 2 O 3, Cs 2 O Stabilizers–Chemical/Corrosion Resistance: Stabilizers–Chemical/Corrosion Resistance: CaO, MgO, Al 2 O 3, PbO, SrO, BaO, ZnO, ZrO

Major Types and Uses Soda lime silicate glass Soda lime silicate glass SiO 2 + Na 2 O / K 2 O + CaO / Al 2 O 3 / MgO Flat glass, container glass, electric light bulbs Flat glass, container glass, electric light bulbs Borosilicate glass Borosilicate glass > 5% B 2 O 3 (replaces Na 2 O) Lab glassware, thermometers, cookware, sealed-beam headlights

Aluminosilicate glass Aluminosilicate glass Higher percentage of aluminum Higher percentage of aluminum higher temperatures than borosilicate higher temperatures than borosilicate Aluminoborosilicate – 50:50 Al/B Aluminoborosilicate – 50:50 Al/B Labware, cookware, and glass fibers Labware, cookware, and glass fibers Lead alkali silicate (leaded glass) Lead alkali silicate (leaded glass) Up to 80% PbO Up to 80% PbO high refractive index high refractive index “Crystal” tableware, “Crystal” tableware,

Different glasses-domestic windows, car headlamps, light bulb glass-are produced differently from different chemistries.

Forensic Individualization of Glass Flat Glass–Soda lime silicate Flat Glass–Soda lime silicate - Rolling or Floating Tempered: Rapid Cooling Tempered: Rapid Cooling Adds Strength Adds Strength Dices when broken Dices when broken Automotive windows & security windows Automotive windows & security windows Float Glass floresces when excited at 254 nm. Float Glass floresces when excited at 254 nm.

Coated: Surface modification Coated: Surface modification Mirrors Mirrors Laminated: Sandwiched around plastic Laminated: Sandwiched around plastic Automotive windshields Automotive windshields Headlights: often borosilicate Headlights: often borosilicate Light bulbs: soda lime glass Light bulbs: soda lime glass Heat absorbing/ UV filtering Heat absorbing/ UV filtering tinting tinting Eyeglasses: prescription lenses/photosensitive Eyeglasses: prescription lenses/photosensitive

Container Glass Container Glass Lower magnesium, higher sodium Lower magnesium, higher sodium Clear vs. greenish (window) Clear vs. greenish (window) Glass Fibers Glass Fibers Fiberglass insulation Fiberglass insulation Alumino-borosilicate Alumino-borosilicate Binder (red or yellow) to hold fibers in bundles Binder (red or yellow) to hold fibers in bundles

Forensic Analysis of Glass Fundamental Question: Is it Glass? Isotropic vs. Anisotropic Isotropic vs. Anisotropic Glass: Isotropic Glass: Isotropic dark when rotated under crossed polarizers dark when rotated under crossed polarizers Crystalline solids and plastics: Anisotropic Crystalline solids and plastics: Anisotropic Change retardation when rotated under crossed polarizers Change retardation when rotated under crossed polarizers Hardness Hardness Solubility Solubility

Examination of Glass Chips Physical – thickness, uniformity, color, curvature, surface conditions, soiling, density Sink-Float Method Sink-Float Method CHBr 3, C 2 H 2 Br 4, Sodium Polytungstate CHBr 3, C 2 H 2 Br 4, Sodium Polytungstate Density Range: Density Range: g/cm g/cm Optical – Refractive Index Elemental – Composition of Glass

Determine the Refractive Index (in a liquid medium or solid sample) Oblique Illumination Dispersion staining color Movement of the Becke Line: most popular; see a halo or brightness near the edge of sample due to increase of distance between sample & microscope objective (Fig 16.11, p327)

When 2 substances have different RI, light passing through them produces a Becke Line A Becke line is a band or rim of light visible along a grain/crystal boundary in plane-polarized light.

Glass analysis is often performed using our old friend the PLM -the goal of glass analysis by PLM is to individualize an evidence glass fragment to an exemplar from a crime scene [primary or secondary]

How does Glass break? Forensic Fracture Analysis

Radial Begin at impact point and radiate outward from point of impact -initial crack is on the side opposite the applied force

Concentric -Cracks seeming to make a circle around point of impact -Motion of the projectile through the glass puts tension on the front surface of the glass, causing concentric fractures. -high-speed projectile [a rock] penetrates the glass, it leaves an exit hole larger than it‘s entrance hole. -helps to determine the direction on impact.

Conchoidal Lines – stress marks shaped like arches that are perpendicular to 1 glass surface and curved nearly parallel to the opposite surface; perpendicular surface faces side where crack originates; primarily found with bullet holes A determination of the direction of force in breaking a window pane: -direction of the rib marks [stress marks on broken edges of glass that are perpendicular to one side of glass] For radial fractures (radiating from the center): - the direction of the force is on the same side as the tangential parts of the rib marks.

Bullets and Glass It’s possible to determine the bullet's direction by noting the side of the cone- shaped hole left by the bullet. -small opening is on the entrance side

Counting Bullet Holes Determination of the sequence of bullet holes can be made by noting the radial fractures. Radial fractures caused by the passage of a bullet stop at pre- existing fracture.