2 nd INDUSTRIAL 2 nd INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION REVOLUTION

Life Before the Industrial Revolution…

New Products Steel= Bessemer Process Steel= Bessemer Process Electricity – Enabled homes & factories to use a single power source Electricity – Enabled homes & factories to use a single power source

Who was Bessemer and what was the Bessemer process? Henry Bessemer was an English engineer and inventor Henry Bessemer was an English engineer and inventor He invented the Bessemer process, which made steel easier and cheaper to manufacture He invented the Bessemer process, which made steel easier and cheaper to manufacture The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation through air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation through air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten. So why is it important that steel became easier and cheaper to manufacture? So why is it important that steel became easier and cheaper to manufacture?

The Impact of the Railroad Railway companies= country’s major employers Spur the growth of other industries Increased need to communicate across long distances Need lots of power

ELECTRICITY How would your life be different without electricity? What do you think is the most important invention ever? WHY?

INVENTORS / INVENTIONS Thomas Edison –Light Bulb Thomas Edison –Light Bulb Alexander Graham Bell – Phone Alexander Graham Bell – Phone Guglielmo Marconi – 1 st Radio Guglielmo Marconi – 1 st Radio Waves. Waves. Internal Combustion Engine – Oil/Gas Internal Combustion Engine – Oil/Gas - Gottlieb Daimler - Gottlieb Daimler Wright Brothers – Air Plane Wright Brothers – Air Plane

NEW PATTERNS Increased Buying Power - Increased wages - Lower prices + lower transportation cost= increased buying power Department Stores World (Global) Economy Transportation opens up markets to buy and sell from

A New Social Order New Urban Upper Class: Make their $$$ in new industries New Urban Upper Class: Make their $$$ in new industries New Middle Class: Modern corporations swell the middle class with managers, engineers, accountants, clerks, and salespeople; new jobs created New Middle Class: Modern corporations swell the middle class with managers, engineers, accountants, clerks, and salespeople; new jobs created Industrial workers: Hundreds of thousands move into cities in search of jobs Industrial workers: Hundreds of thousands move into cities in search of jobs 1890: 50% of industrial workers live below the poverty line--- What does this cause? 1890: 50% of industrial workers live below the poverty line--- What does this cause? Great demand in labor met by immigrants Great demand in labor met by immigrants

From Europe To America… Where does the Industrial Revolution start? Where does the Industrial Revolution start? How do you think it spreads to America? How do you think it spreads to America?

The Industrial Revolution Comes to America

Urban Life People flock to cities to find work Skyscrapers dominate the landscape –Why no skyscrapers before? Mass transit Tenements –What were tenements like?

Life during the Industrial Revolution

What were the factories like?

Read the Child Labor packet. When you are finished answer the following questions IN COMPLETE SENTENCES on a separate sheet of paper. 1. In 2000, how many estimated child laborers were there? 2. Should the US care about child labor? Why or why not? 3. Should we stop child labor? Why or why not? 4. How might we try to stop child labor today? EXPLAIN.

Some questions… What was life like in the cities? What were the working conditions like in the cities? Why do people move to the cities and away from the farm? Who works in the factories? How do people feel about these conditions?

KARL MARX COMMUNISM 1848 Communist Manifesto 1848 Communist Manifesto - Co writer Friedrich Engles Capitalism was cause of horrible living and working conditions Capitalism was cause of horrible living and working conditions “Class Struggle” Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat “Class Struggle” Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat - Struggle evolve into violent revolution between the oppressors and the oppressed - Lead to Classless Society and Bourgeoisie would wither away - Lead to Classless Society and Bourgeoisie would wither away

SOCIALIST PARTIES German Socialist Party – largest in Germany German Socialist Party – largest in Germany Worked to pass laws to improve working conditions and fight against capitalism worldwide Worked to pass laws to improve working conditions and fight against capitalism worldwide

TRADE UNIONS Workers unite to improve working conditions Workers unite to improve working conditions Strike to get demands met Strike to get demands met Demands Demands 1. higher wages 1. higher wages 2. better work conditions 2. better work conditions 3. right to collective bargain 3. right to collective bargain

Labor Unions Some want to replace capitalism with an economic system that workers controlled –Many favor socialism. What is socialism? The AFL: American Federation of Labor The IWW: The Industrial Workers of the World The AFL worked within the system and focused on skilled workers, while the IWW opposed capitalism and focused on unskilled workers

MASS MASS SOCIETY SOCIETY

WOMEN New job opportunities - Assembly line work - Assembly line work - Low paid white collar jobs - Low paid white collar jobs Secretaries, file clerk, sales clerks Women are expected to work until married

UNIVERSAL EDUCATION Western countries make school mandatory for kids ages Western countries make school mandatory for kids ages 6-12 Reasons for EDT Reasons for EDT 1. Industry needed trained/skilled 1. Industry needed trained/skilled workers workers 2. Educated voters for democracy 2. Educated voters for democracy

NEW FORMS OF LEISURE. Industrial system gave people free time. Industrial system gave people free time. Amusement Parks Amusement Parks Sporting Events Sporting Events News papers News papers