3 People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. – 259 B.C. QUIT 3 CHAPTER People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. – 259 B.C. Chapter Overview Time Line SECTION 1 Indo-European Migrations MAP SECTION 2 Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism SECTION 3 Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries SECTION 4 The Origins of Judaism GRAPH Visual Summary

3 People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. – 259 B.C. HOME 3 CHAPTER People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. – 259 B.C. Chapter Overview Migrations and trade networks carry new ideas, languages, and cultures throughout the Mediterranean and as far east as South Asia. Three major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism, emerge during this period.

3 People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. – 259 B.C. HOME Time Line CHAPTER People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. – 259 B.C. Time Line 1100 B.C. Phoenicians begin to dominate Mediterranean trade. 2000 B.C. Hittites migrate to Anatolia. 3500 B.C. 259 B.C. 1500 B.C. Aryans invade India. 814 B.C. Carthage founded as a Phoenician trade center.

Indo-European Migrations Key Idea 1 HOME 1 Indo-European Migrations Key Idea Migrations of Indo-Europeans into parts of Europe and South Asia introduce new ideas and languages and result in a blend of new and old cultures. Overview Assessment

Indo-European Migrations Overview 1 • Indo-Europeans • steppes HOME 1 Indo-European Migrations TERMS & NAMES Overview • Indo-Europeans • steppes • migration • Hittites • Anatolia • Aryans • Vedas • Brahmin • caste • Mahabharata MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Indo-European peoples migrated into Europe, India, and Southwest Asia and interacted with peoples living there. Half the people living today speak languages that stem from the original Indo-European languages. Assessment

Indo-European Migrations 1 1 HOME 1 Indo-European Migrations Section 1 Assessment 1. List the names of some modern languages that stem from Indo-European roots. Indo-European French Spanish English Greek Swedish Hindi Russian Persian continued . . .

Indo-European Migrations 1 1 HOME 1 Indo-European Migrations Section 1 Assessment 2. What important contributions did the Aryan invaders make to the culture and way of life in India? THINK ABOUT • roles in society • religion • literature ANSWER Possible Responses: • Roles in society: Aryan caste system ruled India for over 3,000 years. • Religion: Aryan deities of the Vedas entered the Hindu religion. • Literature: The Vedas, Upanishads, and Mahabharata are great literary works with Aryan subjects or themes. continued . . .

Indo-European Migrations 1 1 HOME 1 Indo-European Migrations Section 1 Assessment 3. For what environmental reasons might the Indo-Europeans have migrated? THINK ABOUT • weather • occupational needs • health ANSWER Possible Responses: • Weather: Grazing lands may have dried up. • Occupational needs: Their population may have grown too large to feed. • Health: They may have been escaping from diseases or invaders. End of Section 1

Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism Key Idea 2 HOME 2 Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism MAP Key Idea Hinduism has no one founder but promotes a unified world view and a rigid caste system. Buddhism’s founder, Siddhartha Gautama, preaches the way of moderation and rejects the Aryan caste system. Overview Assessment

Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism Overview 2 • reincarnation • karma HOME 2 Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism MAP TERMS & NAMES Overview • reincarnation • karma • Jainism • Siddhartha Gautama • enlightenment • nirvana MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The religious beliefs of the Vedic Age eventually developed into Hinduism and Buddhism. Almost one-fifth of the world’s people today practice one of these two religions. Assessment

Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism 2 2 HOME 2 Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism MAP Section 2 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare Hindu and Buddhist beliefs and practices. Hinduism only Buddhism only Both Reincarnation Cyclical view of history Belief in a state of enlightenment (Hindu moksha, Buddhist nirvana) Caste system Animal sacrifice The Middle Way (Eightfold Path) Four Noble Truths continued . . .

Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism 2 2 HOME 2 Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism MAP Section 2 Assessment 2. How might the belief in reincarnation provide a form of social control? THINK ABOUT • karma • the belief in the interrelatedness of all life • caste ANSWER Possible Responses: Karma: Karma motivates people to obey society’s laws. Belief in the interrelatedness of all life: People would be reluctant to harm any life form. Caste: Those born into a lower caste might work hard to achieve a higher caste in their next life. End of Section 2

Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries Key Idea 3 HOME 3 Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries Key Idea Ancient sea traders spread goods, culture, and innovative ideas in the Mediterranean and beyond. The Phoenicians are not only a great seafaring people but give the world the first written alphabet Overview Assessment

Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries Overview 3 • Minoans • Aegean Sea HOME 3 Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries TERMS & NAMES Overview • Minoans • Aegean Sea • Knossos • King Minos • Phoenicians MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Trading societies extended the development of civilizations beyond the Fertile Crescent region. Traders spread knowledge of reading and writing, including an ancient form of the alphabet that we use today. Assessment

Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries 3 3 HOME 3 Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries Section 3 Assessment 1. Below is a list of accomplishments. Identify feats that were Minoan and those that were Phoenician. dominated trade (2000–1400 B.C.) set up numerous city-states developed an alphabet produced a famous purple dye jumped over bulls for fun produced fine painted pottery Minoan Phoenician dominated trade (2000–1400 B.C.) jumped over bulls for fun produced fine painted pottery set up numerous city-states developed an alphabet produced a famous purple dye continued . . .

Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries 3 3 HOME 3 Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries Section 3 Assessment 2. In Herodotus’s account of how the Phoenicians sailed around Africa, what words show Herodotus’s doubt? Why do you think he expresses doubts? THINK ABOUT • the sources that reported the feat • Herodotus as a historian • the Phoenicians’ seafaring skills • the fact that the trip was not repeated for 2000 years ANSWER “What some may believe, though I do not.” Herodotus was a historian. He did not want to tarnish his reputation by reporting something unlikely. There was no evidence of a second trip, so Herodotus was rightly skeptical. Possible Responses: continued . . .

Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries 3 3 HOME 3 Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries Section 3 Assessment 3.  The Phoenicians founded wealthy city-states around the Mediterranean. These city-states often competed with one another. Do you think it would have made more sense for the city-states to cooperate or did competition make them stronger? THINK ABOUT • advantages of a unified country • advantages of independence • benefits of competition ANSWER Possible Responses: Cooperation: Had Phoenicians united, they could have pooled their resources and been an even stronger and more profitable trading power. Competition: This keeps traders on their toes, so Phoenicians in all cities would have been better merchants. End of Section 3

The Origins of Judaism Key Idea 4 HOME 4 The Origins of Judaism GRAPH Key Idea The religion of the ancient Hebrews is the world’s first major monotheistic religion. The Hebrews establish covenants with God, who is over all people. Their ethical and moral systems, as set forth in the Torah and Ten Commandments, become a foundation for Christianity and Islam. Overview Assessment

The Origins of Judaism Overview 4 • Palestine • Canaan • Torah HOME 4 The Origins of Judaism GRAPH TERMS & NAMES Overview • Palestine • Canaan • Torah •Abraham • monotheism • covenant • Moses • Israel • Judah • tribute MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Hebrews maintained monotheistic religious beliefs that were unique in the ancient world. From this tradition, Judaism, the religion of the Jews, evolved. Judaism is one of the world’s major religions. Assessment

HOME 4 The Origins of Judaism GRAPH Section 4 Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major Hebrew leaders discussed in this section. Then give one piece of information about each. 2000 B.C. 1300 B.C. 1200 B.C. 1020-922 B.C. Abraham: Father of Jewish people Moses: Led Hebrews out of slavery Deborah: A prominent judge Saul, David, Solomon: Kings under whom Hebrews united continued . . .

HOME 4 The Origins of Judaism GRAPH Section 4 Assessment 2. What were the main problems faced by the Hebrews between 2000 B.C. and 700 B.C.? THINK ABOUT • the quest for a homeland • other peoples hardships • problems among Hebrews ANSWER constantly moving from place to place being forced into slavery in Egypt fighting with neighbors over land worshiping other gods performing forced labor paying high taxes dividing the Hebrew kingdom in two Possible Responses: End of Section 4