The Scientific Revolution

Scientific Revolution-

Scientific Revolution time period when old assumptions were replaced by new scientific theories began in the mid-1500s

geocentric theory the belief that the earth is the center of the universe also called the Ptolemaic system

heliocentric theory the belief that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun discovered by Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) also called the Copernican system

scientific method technique for acquiring knowledge main developer: Francis Bacon (1561-1626) 3 basic steps: find a problem formulate a hypothesis test the hypothesis

Galileo (1564-1642) developed a more powerful refracting telescope and made many astronomical discoveries discovered new laws of physics: falling bodies projectile motion the Inquisition forced him to recant his beliefs

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) proved that the planets move in elliptical orbits

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) considered the greatest scientist in history Invented the reflecting Telescope discovered laws of motion and gravity made discoveries about light and optics invented calculus

medical advancements Edward Jenner (1749-1823) Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) studied human anatomy by dissecting human corpses William Harvey (1578-1657) discovered that blood circulates through the body and is pumped by the heart (circulatory system) Edward Jenner (1749-1823) discovered vaccination by developing a vaccine for small pox

the belief that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun geocentric theory scientific method the belief that the earth is the center of the universe find a problem formulate a hypothesis test the hypothesis heliocentric theory the belief that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun medical advancements Scientific Revolution- old assumptions were replaced by new scientific theories Vesalius- disecting Galileo Harvey- circulation made many astronomical discoveries Jenner- vaccine for small pox Kepler Newton- discovered laws of motion and gravity proved that the planets move in elliptical orbits

The Enlightenment

Enlightenment movement that reached its height in the 18th century people began to use reason and thought and realized the power of individuals to solve problems. had a great effect on democratic revolutions like the American and French

social contract theory Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) people accept a common superior power for protection John Locke (1632-1704) believed that humans have 3 natural rights: life liberty property if a government fails to protect the people’s rights, the people have the right to rebel These ideas helped to frame the Declaration of Independence and began the American Revolution Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78) people must surrender some rights in order for the government to protect rights and freedoms

philosophes Denis Diderot (1713-84) French Enlightenment philosophers important philosophes: Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) separation of powers Voltaire (1694-1778) promoted religious tolerance and free speech Denis Diderot (1713-84) compiled the world’s 1st true encyclopedia

Deism religious philosophy that became popular during the Enlightenment basic belief: God set the universe in motion then left it alone (like a clockmaker)

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-97) wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman argued for equal rights for women Percy Bysshe Shelley Mary Godwin Mary Shelley

capitalism economic system father of capitalism: Adam Smith (1723-90) promoted a free market system with little government interference (laissez faire) Smith’s three natural laws of economics: the law of self-interest the law of competition the law of supply and demand