C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 1 IMMIGRANTS AND THE CITIES ( ) Section 1: A New Wave of Immigrants Section 2: City Life Section 3: Society and Culture Chapter 7

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 2 OBJECTIVES Why did immigrants come to the United States, and where did they come from during the late 1800 ’ s? Why did immigrants come to the United States, and where did they come from during the late 1800 ’ s? What was life in the United States like for immigrants in the late 1800 ’ s? What was life in the United States like for immigrants in the late 1800 ’ s? How did some Americans try to limit immigration? How did some Americans try to limit immigration? Section 1: A New Wave of Immigrants

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 3 Reasons for Immigration to the U.S. During the Late 1800 ’ s for employment for employment to escape political problems and religious persecution to escape political problems and religious persecution These new immigrants came from countries in southern and eastern Europe such as Czechoslovakia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, and Russia. Section 1: A New Wave of Immigrants

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 4 Life in the U.S. for Immigrants Faced poorly run processing centers upon arrival to the U.S. such as the one opened on Ellis Island in New York harbor Faced poorly run processing centers upon arrival to the U.S. such as the one opened on Ellis Island in New York harbor Faced a very different life from their homelands and formed their own neighborhoods Faced a very different life from their homelands and formed their own neighborhoods Founded organizations to help preserve their beliefs and customs Founded organizations to help preserve their beliefs and customs Section 1: A New Wave of Immigrants

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 5 Life in the U.S. for Immigrants Opened local shops and small banks Opened local shops and small banks Found city life difficult Found city life difficult Formed tenements Formed tenements Formed benevolent societies to offer aid Formed benevolent societies to offer aid Tried to adopt American customs Tried to adopt American customs Faced discrimination in the workforce such as low pay and long hours Faced discrimination in the workforce such as low pay and long hours tenements – poorly built, overcrowded apartments Section 1: A New Wave of Immigrants (continued)

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 6 Opposition to Immigration Nativists – those that opposed immigrants – used violence against immigrants and passed laws, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) banning Chinese people from immigration to the U.S. for 10 years. Nativists – those that opposed immigrants – used violence against immigrants and passed laws, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) banning Chinese people from immigration to the U.S. for 10 years. Founded in 1894, the Immigration Restriction League demanded that all immigrants prove that they could read and write before they entered the U.S. Founded in 1894, the Immigration Restriction League demanded that all immigrants prove that they could read and write before they entered the U.S. Section 1: A New Wave of Immigrants

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 7 OBJECTIVES Why did so many people move to cities, and what problems resulted from rapid urban growth? Why did so many people move to cities, and what problems resulted from rapid urban growth? What developments in public spaces improved the quality of city life? What developments in public spaces improved the quality of city life? How did city residents organize to deal with the challenges of urban life? How did city residents organize to deal with the challenges of urban life? Section 2: City Life

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 8 Movement to the Cities New farm machinery reduced the need for farm labor. New farm machinery reduced the need for farm labor. African Americans moved to northern cities seeking jobs, to escape discrimination and to find better economic opportunities. African Americans moved to northern cities seeking jobs, to escape discrimination and to find better economic opportunities. Section 2: City Life

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 9 New Places for the Public Public parks enhanced the city ’ s image and improved city life. Public parks enhanced the city ’ s image and improved city life. Public libraries and museums were founded to educate and serve the people. Public libraries and museums were founded to educate and serve the people. Department stores, or giant retail shops, opened. Department stores, or giant retail shops, opened. Section 2: City Life

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 10 City Residents Organize to Deal with Challenges of Urban Life Benevolent societies – associations that helped injured or unemployed members – were formed. Benevolent societies – associations that helped injured or unemployed members – were formed. African American religious groups aided the urban community. African American religious groups aided the urban community. Private organizations aided the poor. Private organizations aided the poor. Settlement houses were opened such as Chicago ’ s Hull House. Settlement houses were opened such as Chicago ’ s Hull House. Section 2: City Life

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 11 OBJECTIVES What new forms of popular entertainment developed in the late 1800 ’ s? What new forms of popular entertainment developed in the late 1800 ’ s? How did American literature and publishing change in the late 1800 ’ s? How did American literature and publishing change in the late 1800 ’ s? In the late 1800 ’ s, what new styles of art and methods of photography were developed? In the late 1800 ’ s, what new styles of art and methods of photography were developed? Section 3: Society and Culture

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 12 Popular Forms of Entertainment in the late 1800 ’ s Forms of mass culture – leisure and cultural activities shared by many people Forms of mass culture – leisure and cultural activities shared by many people World ’ s fairs – such as the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in l876 World ’ s fairs – such as the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in l876 Amusement parks like Coney Island in New York City Amusement parks like Coney Island in New York City Athletic events on the college and professional level Athletic events on the college and professional level Section 3: Society and Culture

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 13 Changes in American Literature and Publishing in the Late 1800 ’ s Publishing revolution made books more affordable. Publishing revolution made books more affordable. To interest a growing audience, authors used new story settings, locations, and writing styles like realism. To interest a growing audience, authors used new story settings, locations, and writing styles like realism. realism – writing style that presented accurate images of American society Section 3: Society and Culture

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 14 New Styles of Art in the Late 1800 ’ s Members of the Hudson River School started a unique type of painting that celebrated the land in the western U.S. Members of the Hudson River School started a unique type of painting that celebrated the land in the western U.S. Other American painters used a distinct style of watercolor painting. Other American painters used a distinct style of watercolor painting. Section 3: Society and Culture

C ALL TO F REEDOM HOLT HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1865 to the Present 15 New Methods of Photography in the Late 1800 ’ s Photography offered another way of creating realistic images of the world and George Eastman made improvements on the camera. Photography offered another way of creating realistic images of the world and George Eastman made improvements on the camera. Newspapers used black-and-white photos more widely. Newspapers used black-and-white photos more widely. Art photography grew in popularity. Art photography grew in popularity. Section 3: Society and Culture