How a Computer Processes Data Computer Fundamentals
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 2 Outline Computer Fundamentals Facebook You Can Be a Millionaire Who Do You Marry? Final Thoughts
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 3 Computer System
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 4 First Computer
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 5 First Computer
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 6 First Computer Vacuum Tubes Transistor Silicon Chip
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 7 The Central Processing Unit Only perform three tasks. The CPU is the brains of a computer system. The CPU is housed on a silicon chip that contains millions of switches and circuits. The CPU has two primary sections: Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) This section performs arithmetic and logical operations. Control Unit This section is the boss of the CPU and coordinates all activity within the CPU. It uses programming instructions to control what actions the CPU performs and when it performs them.
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 8 CPU
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 9 CPU Closeup
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 10 CPU Evolution
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 11 Data Representation Decimal – 10 Fingers Binary – Hexadecimal – A Roman Numeral – X DecimalBinary
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 12 System Motherboard Inside the case of a modern PC is the motherboard, which contains the electronic circuitry of the computer. Components found on the motherboard include The primary processing chip (CPU). The memory chips. Expansion slots for system interface cards. Ports for connecting external devices. BIOS chips that control system start-up. The circuitry that enables all of these components to communicate.
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 13 Example of a Motherboard
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 14 Computer Memory Data being processed by a CPU is stored in system memory. Memory consists of addressable locations within the machine that the computer can access directly. Data stored in memory is not permanent. If the power fails, everything in memory is lost. Data must be stored on a disk or some other device when not being processed so it is not lost each time the computer shuts down.
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 15 Types of Memory RAM – Random Access Memory This is short-term memory where data is processed while a program is running. Data stored here can be accessed and modified as needed. This type of memory loses any data it holds if the computer is shut down. ROM – Read-Only Memory ROM is memory placed on the motherboard by the manufacturer and contains instructions that tell the computer how to start itself. This data cannot be accessed or modified by application programs. The contents of this memory are not lost when the computer is shut down.
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 16 Auxiliary Storage Floppy Disk No longer standard Hard (fixed) disk 30 Gb and higher 5400rpm, 7200 rpm Removable storage CD-ROM CD-R/CD-RW DVD/DVD-R/DVD-RW (Digital Video Disk HD) Zip disks Tape
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 17 Disk Storage Based on bytes per track per sector 1 track on 1 Sector contains 512 bytes Track-sector on each surface (top & bottom) Storage = 1,024 bytes per track-sector (top & bottom) = 1K
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 18 Disk Storage Cylinder Same track on each surface make up a cylinder All data in one cylinder can be read without moving read/write arm
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 19 The Instruction and Execution Cycles
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 20 Input Devices
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 21 The Monitor Resolution is expressed in picture elements or pixels; (800 x 600 or 1024 x 768) The higher the resolution, the more you can see at one time. Larger monitors enable you to you run at higher resolutions; e.g., 19” to run 1024 x 768 comfortably A graphics card speeds processing
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 22 Lower Resolution (800 x 600) Displays 20 rows and 8 columns
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 23 Higher Resolution (1024 x 768) Displays 28 rows and 12 columns
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 24 The Printer Ink Jet Today’s entry level Laser Top-of-the line Four-in-one functionality Printer, scanner, fax, copier Network printer
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 25 Ports and Expansion Slots Serial and parallel ports are used to connect peripheral devices to the computer circuitry. Serial devices (mice/monitors) transmit data one bit at a time. Parallel devices (printers) transmit data several bits at time. USB is a newer, high-speed method of connecting devices and is beginning to replace serial and parallel ports. Expansion slots are electrical connections in the motherboard that can accept circuit cards to perform specific functions. These are commonly used to plug in sound cards, video cards, scanners, and other devices.
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 26 A Typical Expansion Card It has electrical prongs along the bottom to plug into the expansion slot and make an electrical connection to the main board. This port sticks out of the back of the PC case and is used to attach the device that this card controls.
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 27 Summary Just about all computers perform the same general options: input, processing, output, and storage. Input, output, and processing devices grouped together represent a computer system. The motherboard is the center of all processing. The motherboard contains the CPU, memory, and basic controllers for the system.
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 28 Summary (continued) The motherboard also contains ports and expansion slots. The central processing unit is the brains of the computer. The computer is given instructions through computer programs. The CPU has two main sections—the arithmetic logic unit and the control unit.
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 29 Summary (continued) All calculations and comparisons take place in the ALU. The control unit coordinates the CPU activities. The motherboard contains different types of memory. Random access memory is volatile and is used to store instructions, data, and information temporarily.
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 30 Summary (continued) Read-only memory is nonvolatile and is used to store instructions, data, and information temporarily. The machine cycle is made up of the instruction cycle and the execution cycle. A controller is used to control the transfer of data between the computer and peripheral devices. Peripheral devices are connected to the computer through serial and parallel ports.
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 31 Summary (continued) The Universal Serial Bus is a new standard expected to replace serial and parallel ports. Expansion boards are used to connect specialized peripheral devices or to add more memory to the computer. The ASCII code is a standard code used to represent the alphabet, numbers, symbols, and punctuation marks.
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 32 Facebook Security
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 33 Investing
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 34 Millionaire – Sports?
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 35 Millionaire – More Reliable Route DegreeAmount AddedTotal No High School00 High School1.1 Million1.1 Million Associate Degree800, Million Undergraduate Degree1.6 Million3.5 Million Masters Degree1.5 Million5.0 Million Doctorate Degree4.8 Million9.8 Million U.S. – 20,000 Engineers Japan – 80,000 Engineers
Copyright © 2006, HaiVDC 36 Final Thoughts Stuff doesn’t make you happy High School Degree College Career Marriage Children Who Do You Marry? Thanks for inviting me.